Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Procedures: The Current State

<table><tr><td><table class="algorithm" id="figbox1"><tr><td colspan="2">Level 1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> Direct vision: Limited (10–12 cm) incisions</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Level 2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> Direct vision/video assisted: Mini (4–6 cm) incisions</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Level 3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> Video directed and robot assisted: Micro (1.2–4 cm) incisions</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Level 4</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> Robotic (computer telemanipulation): Port (&lt;1.2 cm) incisions</td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

Levels of ascent in minimally invasive cardiac surgery.

Minimally Invasive Surgery

figbox1

Box 1

Box 1: Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Procedures: The Current State 