Comparison of Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise, Volume and Flow Incentive Spirometry, on Diaphragm Excursion and Pulmonary Function in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Comparison of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) before and after the laparoscopic abdominal surgery in the intervention groups and control group.

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) (liters (L))	Preoperative (mean ± SD)	Postoperative 1st day (mean ± SD)	Postoperative 2nd day (mean ± SD)	Preoperative versus postoperative 1st day (mean difference)	Postoperative 1st day versus postoperative 2nd day (mean difference)	Preoperative versus postoperative 2nd day (mean difference)
Diaphragmatic breathing exercise ()	2.83 ± .79	2.19 ± .84	2.55 ± .79	0.63 (22.4%)	−0.35 (−16.2%)	0.28 (9.8%)
Flow incentive spirometry ()	2.50 ± .76	1.72 ± .70	2.13 ± .71	0.77 (31.0%)	−0.40 (−23.6%)	0.37 (14.7%)
Volume incentive spirometry; ()	2.50 ± .73	1.86 ± .64	2.22 ± .70	0.64 (25.6%)	−0.36 (−19.4%)	0.28 (11.1%)
Control group; ()	2.51 ± .80	1.78 ± .65	2.02 ± .67	0.73 (29.2%)	−0.24 (−13.7%)	0.49 (19.5%)

% change. Highly significant at level.