Comparison of Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise, Volume and Flow Incentive Spirometry, on Diaphragm Excursion and Pulmonary Function in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 4

Comparison of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) before and after the laparoscopic abdominal surgery in the intervention groups and the control group.

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) L/s	Preoperative (mean ± SD)	Postoperative 1st day (mean ± SD)	Postoperative 2nd day (mean ± SD)	Preoperative versus postoperative 1st day (mean difference)	Postoperative 1st day versus postoperative 2nd day (mean difference)	Preoperative versus postoperative 2nd day (mean difference)
Diaphragmatic breathing exercise ()	5.83 ± 2.1	3.74 ± 1.8	4.78 ± 2.0	2.09 (35.8%)	−1.04 (−27.8%)	1.04 (17.9%)
Flow incentive spirometry ()	5.21 ± 2.0	2.95 ± 1.3	4.04 ± 1.5	2.25 (43.2%)	−1.08 (−36.6%)	1.17 (22.4%)
Volume incentive spirometry; ()	5.52 ± 1.8	3.52 ± 1.3	4.50 ± 1.7	2.00 (36.1%)	−0.97 (−27.6%)	1.02 (18.5%)
Control group; ()	5.15 ± 1.8	3.26 ± 1.3	3.89 ± 1.5	1.88 (36.6%)	−0.62 (−19.2%)	1.25 (24.4%)

% change. Highly significant at level.