Comparison of Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise, Volume and Flow Incentive Spirometry, on Diaphragm Excursion and Pulmonary Function in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 5
Comparison of diaphragm excursion before and after the laparoscopic abdominal surgery in the intervention groups and the control group.
Diaphragm excursion (cm)
Preoperative (mean ± SD)
Postoperative 1st day (mean ± SD)
Postoperative 2nd day (mean ± SD)
Preoperative versus postoperative 1st day (mean difference)
Postoperative 1st day versus postoperative 2nd day (mean difference)
Preoperative versus postoperative 2nd day (mean difference)
Diaphragmatic breathing exercise ()
4.2 ± .90
3.3 ± .91
4.1 ± .99
0.8 (20.6%)
−0.7 (−22.2%)
0.1 (2.9%) > 0.20#
Flow incentive spirometry ()
4.0 ± 1.0
2.9 ± 1.0
3.7 ± 1.0
1.1 (27.0%)
−0.7 (−24.7%)
0.3 (8.9%)
Volume incentive spirometry ()
4.0 ± 0.8
3.1 ± 0.8
3.9 ± 0.9
0.9 (23.7%)
−0.8 (−26.4%)
0.1 (3.5%) > 0.39#
Control group ()
4.0 ± 1.0
2.8 ± 0.8
3.4 ± 0.9
1.1 (28.4%)
−0.5 (−19.0%)
0.5 (14.8%)
% change. #Not significant at . Highly significant at level.