ANT: Agent Stigmergy-Based IoT-Network for Enhanced Tourist Mobility

Table 1

Tour itinerary planning systems.

	Online/offline; approach	Need of user; feedback	Capture of live; events	Planning algorithm	Centralized; architecture	Mobile; support	Location; aware	Map; support	Personalized; itinerary
Gavalas et al. [8]	Offline	No	No	Heuristic for binary tree search (DailyTRIP) to find POIs	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
MyMitelene/; Gavalas and Kenteris [9]	Offline	Yes	No	-Means algorithm to find the POIs for each day	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Wörndl et al. [10]	Offline	Collect POIs category from Foursquare (https://www.foursquare.com)	No	Dijkstras algorithm to find the shortest route	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
RouteMe/; Herzog et al. [11]	Offline	Yes	No	Collaborative filtering based on users’ ratings to compute itinerary between two locations	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Hornecker et al. [5]	Offline	No	No	—	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Zheng et al. [12]	Offline	No	No	Generic algorithm heuristic to solve TTDP. It takes into account the tourist’s state of fatigue	—	—	—	—	Yes
Gionis et al. [13]	Offline	Collect POIs category from Foursquare	No	Dynamic programming algorithm to resolve tour route problem	—	—	—	—	Yes
Awal et al. [14]	Offline	No	No	-Means algorithm to cluster POIs based on location and user preferences	—	—	—	—	Yes
CT-Planner5/; Kurata et al. [15]	Offline	Yes	No	Genetic algorithm to compute the itinerary of POIs, and Google Maps API to find the best route	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Zhu et al. [16]	Offline	No	No	Local search heuristic to compute a route plan	—	—	—	—	Yes
iTravel/Yang and Hwang [17]	Online	Users exchange POIs valoration on-the-road	Yes	Computes the itinerary of POIs via collaborative filtering technique on users’ ratings	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
VISIT/; Meehan et al. [18]	Online	Collect user sentiments from Twitter and Facebook	No	Compute the itinerary of POIs via a combination of decision-making techniques on users’ parameters	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
PlanTour/; Cenamor et al. [19]	Online	Collect POI and user data from Minitube (http://www.minube.net) Travel blog and Yelp (https://www.yelp.com)	No	k-Means algorithm to find the POIs for each day	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Swarm [4]	Online	Yes	Yes and generated by the own user	Commercial, n/a	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Waze [3]	Online	Yes	Yes	Commercial, n/a	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
This work: ANT	Online	No	Yes and generated by the own user	Route selection based on the current POI popularity obtained via stigmergy operation	—	Yes	Yes	No	Yes