Mobile Device Passive Localization Based on IEEE 802.11 Probe Request Frames

Table 1

Comparison of different localization methods based on radio signal.

	AP or wireless node	Reference point	PLE estimation	Radio map	Special hardware
Fingerprint	√	×	×	√	×
RSS [1]	√	×	√	×	×
TDOA [8], TOA [9], AOA [10]	×	√	×	×	√
DfP [11, 12], RTI [13]	√	×	×	√	×
Radar-based [14–19]	×	×	×	√	√
Our method	×	×	×	×	×