High-Accuracy Tracking Using Ultrawideband Signals for Enhanced Safety of Cyclists

Table 1

Summary of available technologies.

Technology	Pros	Cons
Cameras	Accurate detection and users’ discrimination	Difficult operation in bad weather conditions, false alarms
Thermal cameras	Accurate detection and users’ discrimination	Cost, false alarms
Ultrasonic sensors	Reliable detection in every weather condition	Poor users’ discrimination
Inductive loops	Average users discrimination	Undersurface. Large infrastructure. Very low range
LIDAR	Accurate detection and users’ discrimination	Very high cost, complex deployment and complex data processing
Radar (on-air)	Reliable detection. Good angular resolution	Poor users’ discrimination
Radar (under surface)	Average users’ discrimination	Undersurface. Very low range
RFID	Accurate detection and perfect users’ discrimination	Tags needed. Poor angular and ranging resolution
GPS	Localization of different users	GPS receivers needed. Medium localization accuracy, latency