Review Article

Mobile Positioning Techniques and Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Table 1

List of systems.

SystemsTechniquesTechnologiesArchitectureApplication domains

Kumar et al. [6]PDR + fingerprintingWi-FiCentral network-basedAugmented reality
Liu et al. [7]Wi-FiDistributed network-basedResearch
HimLoc [8]Wi-FiResearch
Mashuk et al. [9]Wi-Fi and Bluetooth (BLE)Research
Gomes et al. [10]Wi-Fi, BLENavigation

REFIRE [11]PDR + trilaterationRFIDDevice-freeTracking
Nazemzadeh et al. [12]RFIDTracking
Wang et al. [13]RFIDResearch
Zhou et al. [14]Wi-FiResearch

Kok et al. [15]TOA + PDRUWBNetwork-based (central)Research
Marton et al. [16]UltrasoundResearch

Anisetti et al. [35]Fingerprinting + MMCellularDistributed network-basedResearch

Khalifa and Hassan [17]PDR + MMDevice-freeResearch
Qian et al. [18]Research

Kolakowski [19]Proximity + trilaterationBLE + laser sensorsNetwork-basedResearch
Crescendo [36]CellularResearch
Satan and Toth [20]BluetoothResearch

Prince and Little [37]AoA + proximityWi-Fi + light sensorCentral network-basedResearch
Tomic et al. [21]AoA + trilaterationWireless sensor networksResearch
Tang et al. [22]AoA + trilateration + proximityCellularDisaster monitoring

Kumarasiri et al. [23]TDOA + trilaterationWi-Fi, cellular, and wireless sensor networksDistributed network-basedResearch