Impact of Node Density on the QoS Parameters of Routing Protocols in Opportunistic Networks for Smart Spaces

Table 4

Analysis of routing protocols over node density.

Protocol	Extremely sparse environment (3–5 nodes per square km)	Sparse environment (6–15 nodes per square km)	Average environment (16–25 nodes per square km)	Populated environment (26–400 nodes per square km)	Dense environment (more than 400 nodes per square km)
Epidemic protocol	✓		✓
Spray-and-Wait protocol	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Direct Delivery protocol	✓	✓	✓	✓
First Contact protocol		✓	✓
PRoPHET protocol		✓
MaxProp protocol	✓		✓	✓	✓
Epidemic Oracle protocol	✓
FRESH protocol	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
RAPID protocol	✓	✓

Furthermore, below are some findings taken after the simulation study of mentioned protocols in a different environment about node density over discussed QoS parameters: