Abstract
This paper proposed a two-point coordinated positioning algorithm. Based on the assumption that the distance between two points was constant, a fusion algorithm was introduced into the positioning process to enhance the positioning accuracy. The simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm could reduce the RMS error to about 50% of the improved sinc interpolation-based positioning algorithm when the sampling frequency was 500 MHz and the interpolation number was 19.
1. Introduction
Accurate positioning is very important for robotic applications [1]. There are several kinds of indoor positioning systems. The non-radio-based technologies mainly employ cameras; the location accuracy is low when there are obstacles before the camera; and the image processing algorithm needs a high-speed processor that makes the cost and the power consumption very high. The commonly used approaches are radio-based technologies, such as Wi-Fi and ultra-wideband (UWB). Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning system primarily employs the strength of the Wi-Fi’s access points (APs), and the accuracy is about 2 m, which is too low to be used by many indoor applications [2–4]. UWB-based positioning system has high accuracy due to the large bandwidth, but because of the shadow fading and the random interferences, the positioning results are not stable. Moreover, time-based ranging technology was used in UWB positioning system, and several handshaking processes are needed to get the range between two nodes, which makes the positioning frequency low, and it cannot meet the requirements of some applications. Many research studies have been done on UWB-based localization [5–8] to enhance positioning stability. Some research studies employed filters to enhance the positioning accuracy [8], some research studies were focused on the ranging error elimination [5], and others attempted to fuse the data such as moving state and IMU data with the UWB positing data to eliminate the unstability [6, 7], and the problem is not solved yet. This paper proposed a two-point positioning data-fusing algorithm for the applications with more than one target nodes on an object [9].
This paper designed an improved positioning system that employed the proposed improved sinc interpolation algorithm to enhance the positioning frequency of the system for TDOA values. Then the system estimated the position of the target node using Chan’s algorithm and used two-point coordination method to optimize the positioning results. As the result, we can reduce the sampling frequency to the maximum extent on the premise of ensuring accuracy.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes a survey of the related research studies; Section 3 describes the related principle of the proposed algorithm; Section 4 explains simulation and analysis of the algorithm; and Section 5 draws conclusion.
2. Related Works
With the rapid increase of data and multimedia services, the demand for positioning and navigation is increasing, especially in the complex indoor environment, such as the airport hall, exhibition hall, warehouse, supermarket, library, and underground parking lot.
TDOA (time difference of arrival) positioning is a kind of wireless positioning. By measuring the time of arrival of the signal to the reference node, the distance of the target node can be determined [10]. Using the distance between the target node and the various reference nodes, the location of the target node can be determined. However, the absolute time is difficult to measure; by comparing the time difference between the signals to the reference nodes, we can make the hyperbola with focus on the reference node and the long axis of the distance difference. The intersection of the hyperbolic is the location of the target node [11].
Based on TDOA, Li and Wang put forward a new algorithm that can greatly improve the positioning accuracy. Their system employs matched filter to calculate the TDOA value and does not need precise synchronization between the transmitter and receivers that makes the TDOA value more accurate [12]. In this paper, we propose the two-point coordination algorithm to improve data processing. The two-point coordination algorithm uses two-point information to calculate the position of the target node, while in the Small Range High Precision Positioning Algorithm Based on Improved Sinc only one-point information is used to calculate the position of the target node, so when we use two-point coordination algorithm to process positioning results, it can improve the positioning accuracy.
3. The Positioning Process and Related Algorithm
3.1. The Positioning Process
The positioning steps are as follows: Step 1: L fixed target nodes received the FM wave signals from the reference node, of which L was a positive integer. The modulation signal of the FM wave was a sawtooth signal, and therefore, the FM wave was called a sawtooth FM wave. A cycle of the sawtooth FM signal was called a chirp. Step 2: we conducted amplitude limitation on the received signals, sampled on M continuous chirps at interval T, and achieved the sample function in which i = 1, 2, …, M and n = 0, 1, …, N. N was the sample point number of each chirp. Step 3: by using improved sinc interpolation algorithm to reconstruct the sample function, we could get the reconstruction function of which k = 0, 1, …, (N − 1) (M + 1) + M. Step 4: sampling the original sawtooth FM waves at interval T/(M + 1) and achieving the sample function , where k = 0, 1, …, (N − 1) (M + 1) + M. Then, we took and to perform the cross-correlation operation and obtained the correlation peak location of which i = 0, 1, …, L. Step 5: using correlation peak location gap, we could calculate the signal arrival time difference between the reference node and the reference node. Among them were the TDOA values of which . T was the time interval of the sample points in . Step 6: the TDOA values and the coordinates of the reference nodes were put into Chan’s algorithm to calculate the position of the target node. Step 7: two-point coordination was used to optimize the positioning results.
3.2. The Related Algorithm
In Step 3, an improved sinc interpolation algorithm was mentioned, and a detailed description of the improved sinc interpolation algorithm was presented in the Small Range High Precision Positioning Algorithm Based on Improved Sinc Interpolation. In Step 6, the Chan’s algorithm was mentioned and a detailed description of the Chan’s algorithm was presented in the Precision Wireless Positioning Scheme in Small Range Based on First-Order Difference and Correlation Inspection. Therefore, we need not repeat the algorithm here.
In Step 7, the two-point coordination algorithm was mentioned, and a detailed description of the improved sinc interpolation algorithm was presented in this section.
It is assumed that the distance of two target nodes is known as ; the coordinates of the two target nodes and are estimated using the location algorithm.
If the distance between two points is greater than a certain distance, this set of data is considered to be a gross error and should be removed. Namely,where is an empirical value that is greater than 1.
If and can be retained, according to and , we estimate the location of the target node two times. For example, according to the coordinates of the target node 1 to estimate the coordinates of the target node 2 , as the distance between two nodes is known, it is assumed that the target node 2 is in the circle with center point and a radius of , and target node 2 is also in the straight line with the two points and .
As we know there are two intersection points of a straight line and a circle, we choose the point that is closer to as the target node 2 . We can estimate the according to the following equations:
There are two solutions to the equations, and we choose the final solution that is closer to . The same can be used to solve the second-time estimation coordinates of the target node 1.
So far, the two estimation coordinates for each target node are obtained. Then the fusion algorithm is used to fuse the data of the two groups. The following is a method of calculating the weight.
Set the actual horizontal coordinates of the target node 1 :where is a random error and , two observations are independent of each other.
It is assumed that the final estimation results of are in linear relationship with the first estimate and the second estimate , and the is the unbiased estimate of :where is the weight value of the estimated value.
Set the estimation error:
Take the cost function for the mean square error:
As the is the unbiased estimate of ,
As and ,
Then the cost function can be written as
As and , and are independent; .
Then,
In order to obtain the minimum value of and derivatives,
The optimal weight value is
Optimal estimation is
In the same way, the vertical coordinates can also solved.
The two-point coordination algorithm uses two-point information to calculate the position of the target node, while in the Small Range High Precision Positioning Algorithm Based on Improved Sinc only one-point information is used to calculate the position of the target node, so when we use two-point coordination algorithm to process positioning results, it can improve the positioning accuracy.
4. System Simulation and Analysis
In the simulation system, the positioning area was determined by the number of reference nodes, and the more the number of reference nodes, the larger the positioning area. The reference nodes were stationary, and they should be distributed around the positioning area uniformly as much as possible so that the system could get better positioning results.
In this simulation system, it supposes that the positioning range is . The coordinates of seven reference nodes were (0, 0), (0, 20), (10, −4), (20, 0), (10, 24), (20, 20), and (−4, 10). The target node acted as a transmitter. The modulation signal’s frequency of the target node was 1 MHz. The simulation supposes that the transmission channel was 6-path Rician channel that had 1 line-of-sight (LOS) path and 5 reflection paths. The reflection paths were caused by the multipath effect because of the signal reflection, diffraction, and scattering. The additional delay of 6 paths were [0, 31/1e9, 71/1e9, 109/1e9, 173/1e9, and 251/1e9] (s); the additional attenuation were [0, −1, −9, −10, −15, and −20] (db); and this was a common indoor channel. In addition, the received signal is summed together of the LOS and reflection signals. If the obstacles were on the LOS path, it should affect the TDOA value and cause TDOA errors.
The positioning accuracy was measured with the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of positioning results, which was frequently used at present (Figures 1–4). The positioning system simulation was done in different conditions through MATLAB (Tables 1–3):(1)The positioning accuracy and time with different sinc interpolation algorithms are shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1, abscissa was three different algorithms: the algorithm without any interpolation algorithm, the algorithm with nonimproved interpolation algorithm, and the algorithm with improved interpolation algorithm. The ordinates were RMSE and time. Table 1 lists the details of each point in Figure 1. The sampling frequency of the three algorithms in Figure 1 was 500 MHz, and the carrier frequency was 100 MHz. From the simulation results, it could be seen that, in the process of data processing, the positioning accuracy and positioning time of the different degrees of improvement were compared between Chauvenet’s criterion and coordination algorithm. When we do not use any interpolation algorithm, the algorithm has a lower positioning accuracy. Therefore, the positioning accuracy can be significantly improved when we use the coordination algorithm in the data processing. However, the positioning time of the algorithm is very short, so it is not obvious that the positioning time is shortened after we use the coordination algorithm [13, 14]. When we use the improved interpolation algorithm, the algorithm has a lower positioning time. Therefore, the positioning time can be significantly improved when we use the coordination algorithm in the data processing. However, the positioning accuracy of the algorithm is very low, so it is not obvious that the positioning accuracy is promoted after we use the coordination algorithm. Then we will analyze the positioning accuracy in different situations in detail.(2)The positioning accuracy in different sampling frequencies and interpolation points is shown in Figure 2: In Figure 2, abscissa was carrier frequency, and the values were 10 MHz, 20 MHz, 30 MHz, 40 MHz, 50 MHz, 60 MHz, 70 MHz, 80 MHz, 90 MHz, and 100 MHz. The ordinate was RMSE. Table 2 lists the details of each point in Figure 2. The target node was stationary, and it could be at any place in the positioning area. From the simulation results, it could be seen that the algorithm with improved sinc interpolation comparing with the algorithm without improved sinc interpolation in positioning accuracy had a very large enhancement. The RMSE decreased from about 3 m to about 0.01 m. From the simulation results, it could be seen that the algorithm with improved sinc interpolation with two-point coordination compared with the algorithm with improved sinc interpolation with Chauvenet’s criterion in positioning accuracy had certain enhancement. The RMSE decreased from about 0.015 m to about 0.010 m. We could also see from the results that the carrier frequency had little influence on the positioning accuracy when the carrier frequency varies from 10 MHz to 100 MHz.(3)The positioning accuracy in different numbers of interpolation points is shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3, abscissa was the numbers of interpolation points, and the values were 0, 9 and 19. The ordinate was RMSE. We set the carrier frequency to 50 MHz. Table 3 lists the details of each point in Figure 3. From the simulation results, it could be seen that when there were no interpolation points, whether the Chauvenet’s criterion or two-point coordination is used, the positioning accuracy is relatively low. The RMSE is over 3.0 m. When we interpolated 9 points to the 500 MHz/1 GHz sampling chips, the positioning accuracy improved obviously. The algorithm with two-point coordination compared with the algorithm with Chauvenet’s criterion in positioning accuracy had certain enhancement. Since the positioning accuracy of the sampling frequency with 9 interpolation points to 1 GHz sampling chips was enough high, there was little accuracy improvement when we interpolated 19 points to the 1 GHz sampling chips.(4)The positioning accuracy in different sampling frequencies is shown in Figure 4.
(a)
(b)
In Figure 4, abscissa was the sampling frequency, and the values were 250 MHz, 500 MHz, and 1000 MHz (1 GHz). The ordinate was RMSE (m). We set the carrier frequency to 50 MHz. Table 4 lists the details of each point in Figure 4. From the simulation results, it could be seen that the positioning accuracy was not high in all three sampling frequencies when there were no interpolation points, whether the Chauvenet’s criterion or two-point coordination is used. The accuracy of the 250 MHz sampling frequency with 9/19 interpolation points was close to that of the 2.5 GHz/5 GHz sampling frequency without interpolation points. When the positioning accuracy is relatively low, the effect of using two-point coordination to improve the positioning accuracy is obviously compared with the Chauvenet’s criterion. When the accuracy is over about 3.0 m, using two-point coordination can improve the positioning accuracy by about 0.2 m–0.3 m. Due to the improved sinc algorithm, the positioning accuracy improves obviously. The effect of using two-point coordination to improve the positioning accuracy is not obvious comparing with the Chauvenet’s criterion. When the accuracy is under 1.0 m, using two-point coordination can improve the positioning accuracy by about 0.001 m–0.003 m.
The positioning accuracy and positioning time of the have different degrees of improvement compared between Chauvenet’s criterion, which is used in the Small Range High Precision Positioning Algorithm Based on Improved Sinc and coordination algorithm.
5. Conclusion
This paper introduces the present situation and the future development of the wireless location, summarizes the related technologies and algorithms, and proposes a coordination localization algorithm. The analysis and simulation results show that if the coordination algorithm is used in the data processing, it can improve the positioning accuracy of the system. The primary contribution was that a two-point coordination algorithm is proposed that could greatly increase positioning accuracy when the sampling frequency was low.
The problem is that when we use the improved sinc interpolation positioning algorithm, the positioning accuracy can meet the requirements, but we have to wait for a certain amount of time to form a new chip to calculate the TDOA values even though we use the coordination algorithm to optimize the positioning time. And when there were more than one target nodes in the positioning area, it would take longer to estimate a position. The next work will be to continue to study the relationship between positioning accuracy and positioning time.
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This paper was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (Program ID: 2020YFC0811004).