On the Existence of Bright Solitons in Cubic-Quintic Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Inhomogeneous Nonlinearity

Belmonte-Beitia, Juan

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/935390

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2008 | Article ID 935390 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/935390

On the Existence of Bright Solitons in Cubic-Quintic Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Inhomogeneous Nonlinearity

Juan Belmonte-Beitia^1,2

Academic Editor: Mehrdad Massoudi

Received21 Apr 2008

Revised03 Jul 2008

Accepted04 Jul 2008

Published20 Aug 2008

Abstract

We give a proof of the existence of stationary bright soliton solutions of the cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with inhomogeneous nonlinearity. By using bifurcation theory, we prove that the norm of the positive solution goes to zero as the parameter , called chemical potential in the Bose-Einstein condensates' literature, tends to zero. Moreover, we solve the time-dependent cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with inhomogeneous nonlinearities by using a numerical method.

1. Introduction

Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equations appear in a great array of contexts [1], for example, in semiconductor electronics [2, 3], optics in nonlinear media [4], photonics [5], plasmas [6], the fundamentation of quantum mechanics [7], the dynamics of accelerators [8], the mean field theory of Bose-Einstein condensates [9, 10], or in biomolecule dynamics [11]. In some of these fields and in many others, the NLS equation appears as an asymptotic limit for a slowly varying dispersive wave envelope propagating a nonlinear medium [12].

The study of these equations has served as the catalyzer for the development of new ideas or even mathematical concepts such as solitons [13] or singularities in partial differential equations [14, 15].

In the last years, there has been an increased interest in a variant of the standard nonlinear Schrödinger equation, that is, the so-called nonlinear Schrödinger equation with inhomogeneous nonlinearity, which iswith , where is a complex valued function and is a real function.

This equation arises in different physical contexts such as nonlinear optics and dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates with Feschbach resonance management [16–26]. Different aspects of the dynamics of solitons in these contexts have been studied such as the emission of solitons [16, 17] and the propagation of solitons when the space modulation of the nonlinearity is a random [18], periodic [22], linear [19], or localized function [21]. Equation (1.1) admits special solutions called standing waves, solitary waves, or bright solitons of the form , where the profile is time-independent. The function satisfies

The study of the existence of decaying solutions for equations or systems like (1.2) has gained the interest of many mathematicians in recent years. Many results are available for semilinear elliptic equations in . Without being exhaustive, we refer to [27–35].

At this point, it should be noticed that a way to get compactness in semilinear elliptic problems in unbounded domains is to assume the invariance of the coefficients under a compact group of symmetries. Indeed, dealing with the following equation:with , Strauss radial compact imbedding (see, e.g., [36]) implies the existence of a positive radial ground state as soon as and are radially symmetric, positive, and bounded. More sophisticated conditions have been exploited, for example, in [37]. However, these results do not apply to the one-dimensional case. Indeed, assuming radial symmetry means that the coefficients and are even functions. One can therefore look for even solutions, but do not have better compactness properties than . Nevertheless, symmetry is always a simplifying condition and it has been extensively used for finding connecting orbits in reversible Hamiltonian systems [38]. In [39], a unique positive homoclinic solution is obtained for the model equationassuming that and are even and bounded from below by a positive constant such that and , for every . Analytical solutions of (1.4) have been calculated in [40, 41] for different functions and . Finally, we want to mention another approach to the problem. In [42], Torres, motivated by the study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves through a multilayered optical medium, proved the existence of two different kinds of homoclinic solutions to the origin in a Schrödinger equation with a nonlinear term, by using a fixed-point theorem in cones.

Our purpose is to complete the mentioned bibliography with a variant of the cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with inhomogeneous nonlinearities is

This equation can be seen as a particular case of the so-called nonpolynomial Schrödinger equation (NPSE) [43]. Really, in the case of weak nonlinearity, the NPSE can be expanded, which leads to a simplified equation with a combination of cubic and quintic terms [44]. In this form, we can obtain (1.5).

Equation (1.5) has a lot of applications to the mean field theory for Bose-Einstein condensates [45] and nonlinear optics [4]. We want to remark that in the free space, that is, and , where (see, e.g., [46]), (1.5) has a localized exact solution:

On the other hand, it is known that for (1.5) some soliton solutions become bistable (i.e., singular solitons with the same carried power but different propagation parameters) [47–50].

An interesting problem arises when we consider the time-dependent cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equationsince the problem of collapse appears. In the presence of the self-focusing quintic term, collapse is inevitable, and it may affect the stability of solitons against small perturbations.

It is known that (1.7), for (homogeneous case), has no blowup solution in the classwhere is the ground state of the equation

In the classone has that (1.7) has a unique blowup solution (see, e.g., [14]).

In any case, in this paper, we focus on the proof of the existence of solutions of (1.5), and we will not consider the problem of collapse and stability of the solutions of (1.7), which is an open problem in the case of inhomogeneous nonlinearity and will be studied elsewhere.

Thus, in this paper, we will prove the existence of bright solitons for (1.5). To do it, we will use critical point theory (the mountain pass theorem). Thus, we will use a variational approach to our equation, and prove that it satisfies the conditions of the mountain pass theorem. Moreover, using bifurcation theory, we will prove that when the chemical potential . Finally, we will solve this equation by using a numerical scheme, called imaginary time method.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we use a variational approach to the stationary cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with inhomogeneous nonlinearity, and some preliminary results are collected. Section 3 contains the main result about the existence of positive solutions. Section 4 deals with a result about bifurcation theory. Finally, Section 5 contains a numerical scheme to solve the time-dependent cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with inhomogeneous nonlinearity.

2. The Variational Approach

In this paper, we will study the cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with inhomogeneous nonlinearities (CQINLSE), on , that is,with , which satisfies the following properties:

The solitary wave solutions of (2.1) are given by , where is the solution ofwhich can be identified as bright solitons due to their boundary conditions:

In this paper, we search for positive solutions to . Thus, the following theorem gives the existence of positive solitary waves, for .

Theorem 2.1 (existence of a positive solution). When , (2.3) has a positive solution .

In order to prove this theorem, we will introduce a set of preparatory definitions and lemmas. Formally, (2.3) is the Euler-Lagrange equation of the functional , defined by

We define

We can therefore rewrite the functional (2.5) in the following way:

Remark that , , and thus is well defined on and is smooth. It is very easy to check that, for each fixed , is an equivalent norm to that which is usual in . Clearly, is of class and its critical points give rise to solutions of (2.3) such that .

3. Existence of a Positive Solution

In order to obtain critical points of , we will use the mountain pass theorem [51]. This theorem deals with the existence of critical points of a functional , where is a Hilbert space (although, in general, E can be a Banach space), which satisfies the following two "geometric" assumptions.

(MP₁)There exist such that , for all , with .(MP₂) There exists , , such that . Moreover, it assumes the compactness condition , called the Palais-Smale condition at level c.

Every sequence such that

(1), (2) has a converging subsequence. is called the derivative of at , which exists by the Riesz theorem and is given by the following expression:where

The sequences satisfying (1),(2) are called sequences.

Consider the class of all the paths joining and :and setwith being the variable of the curve . For reader's convenience, we will enunciate a simplified version of the mountain pass theorem (see [51] for the general setting).

Theorem 3.1 (mountain pass theorem). If satisfies the geometric conditions (1.1) and (1.2) and the Palais-Smale condition holds, then is a positive critical level for . Precisely, there exists such that and . In particular, and .

Consider the following lemma.

Lemma 3.2. The functional satisfies the geometric assumptions of the mountain pass theorem.

Proof. (1) From the definition of , the hypothesis (2.2) on , and the Sobolev embedding (see, e.g., [36]), we obtainwhere and are positive constants. As a consequence, there exist such thatwhich proves that verifies (MP₁).
(2) Consider , and let be a parameter such that for , As a consequence, taking with , we obtain . It follows that as .

In order to apply the mountain pass theorem (2), we have to study sequences. Lemma 3.3. Palais-Smale sequences are bounded.

Proof. From condition (1) of the definition of (PS) sequences, and we obtain
From and using the definition of , we inferfor . Thus,
Using (3.8), we obtainand thus, for all and some constant , we deduce thatand the boundedness of (PS) sequences follows.

Lemma 3.4. is weakly continuous and is compact, for each .

Proof. Let weakly in . As any weakly convergent sequence is bounded, that is, there exists a constant such that , then, according to the Sobolev imbedding theorem, constants must exist such that and . So, given , from condition (2.2), it follows that there exist such that
On the other hand, let and be the open balls of radii and , respectively. Since is compactly embedded in and is also compactly embedded in , we have that strongly in and , respectively. Moreover, there exists a constant such thatfor and a sufficiently large . It is easy to check that a similar inequality exists for . Putting together the two preceding inequalities, it follows that is weakly continuous.
The proof that is compact is similar. Letfor . Using the Holder inequality, we obtainwith . Using the arguments previously exposed, we immediately show thatfor and . This shows that is a compact operator. The proof for is similar.

We are now prepared to prove Theorem 2.1.

Let be a sequence that verifies the Palais-Smale conditions (1) and (2). Since , we have that weakly in . According to Lemma 3.4, , , is compact. Therefore, there exists a subsequence, still denoted as , such that . On the other hand, we know that Hence, we deduce that

As , since is a Palais-Smale sequence, we obtainproving that holds for every .

We can thus apply the mountain pass theorem (2) since the conditions of this theorem are satisfied, and there exists such that and . The positivity is clear, using the maximum principle.

4. Bifurcation from the Positive Solution

By using the bifurcation theory (see, e.g., [52, 53] for an introduction to bifurcation theory), we can investigate the behavior of the positive solution when .

Let denote the mountain pass critical level of for the positive solution . We suppose that , moreover to verify condition (2.2), satisfies the following: there exist , and and such that Thus, we are able to prove the following lemma. Lemma 4.1. If satisfies conditions (2.2) and (4.1), then as .

Proof. Fix the function and set . There hold One thus finds that
If we take , then we obtain , for . Moreover, by using (4.1), we deduce By changing variable , we discover thatwhere the domain of integration can be changed since . Therefore, there exist and such that and . Putting together all the preceding estimates, we obtain
Recall thatwhere is the class of all paths joining and , . Let us consider the following continuous curve:where is a constant, . It is clear that is a path in since it joins and and , for sufficiently large . Then, We now use the above estimate to evaluate . There holds The maximum of is achieved at Therefore,with . Since and , we find that as .

We have proved that the MP critical point satisfies as .

Moreover, multiplying (2.3) by , using the fact that , since and by integration, we obtainor As as , it must be verified that and as . Thus, as .

We have proved that when , . In fact, we can prove that, for , if there exist solutions which are different from the trivial ones, these solutions would have an infinite amount of nodes. To do so, we will first prove the nonexistence of positive solutions of the equation

Let be a strict positive solution of (4.15). Then,

Let be a global maximum point of the solution , that is, . This maximum point clearly exists owing to the boundary conditions. Then, and, moreover, , for all Then, from , must be decreasing and therefore , for all . Then, must cross the x-axis since , for all , which contradicts the initial hypothesis.

Asit is clear that the solution has an infinite amount of nodes.

5. Numerical Method

In this section, we will solve (2.1) by using an imaginary time method. This method allows us to calculate the positive solution, or ground state, of (2.3).

First, we have the change in (2.1). Thus, we obtain

We must study (5.1) numerically. To this end, we have developed a Fourier pseudospectral scheme for the discretization of the spatial derivatives combined with a split-step scheme to compute the time evolution. Split-step schemes are based on the observation that many problems may be decomposed into exactly solvable parts and on the fact that the full problem may be approximated as a composition of the individual problems. For instance, the solution of partial differential equations of the type can be approximated from the exact solutions of the problems and .

Let us decompose the evolution operator in (5.1) by taking [54, 55]

To proceed with split-step-type methods, it is necessary to compute the explicit form of the operators and . To obtain the action of the operators, we solve the subproblems

Thus, after some algebra and defining the time step as , after a suitable renaming, we obtain the explicit form of the operatorswhere denotes the spatial Fourier transform. As we now have the explicit form of the solutions of subproblems (5.3), we are able to obtain the positive solution of (2.1) to any degree of accuracy. We have used the second-order splitting classical method whose equation is This scheme has many advantages. First, it is more accurate than the numerical methods based on finite difference [56]. Second, from the practical point of view, the calculation of the Fourier transform, which is the most computer time-consuming step in the calculations, may be done by using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Thus, the computational cost of the method is of order , with being the points' number in each spatial direction of the grid which is quite acceptable. The use of discrete transforms to represent the continuous Fourier transform in (5.5) implicitly imposes periodic boundary conditions on . However, since is expected to be negligible on the boundaries (otherwise the computational domain must be enlarged), this is not an essential point. Another convenient property of this scheme is its preservation of the -norm of the solutions.

Thus, the pictures in Figure 1 show the positive solutions of (2.1) for various functions, which satisfy condition (2.2). For the first picture (Figure 1(a)),with and . For the second picture (Figure 1(b)),with and .

(a)

(b)

6. Conclusions

In this paper, we have proved the existence of bright soliton or positive solutions of the cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equations with inhomogeneous nonlinearities. In order to do this, we have used a variational approach and a critical point theory. Moreover, by using bifurcation theory, we have proved that the norm of the positive solution goes to zero as the parameter tends to zero. Finally, by using an imaginary time method, we have numerically solved the inhomogeneous nonlinear Schrödinger equation for different nonlinearities.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Professor E. Colorado for his helpful comments and for a first critical reading of the manuscript. He is also indebted to two anonymous referees for pointing out some inaccuracies in the first version of the paper and for providing some interesting references. This work has been supported by Grants nos. FIS2006-04190 ( Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain) and PCI08-093 ( Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain).

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Copyright © 2008 Juan Belmonte-Beitia. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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