Abstract
As a liquid-liquid system is far from equilibrium state, the phase thickness is variable when mass transfer process with chemical reaction occurs in interphase zone, and a dispersible transitional layer called the interphase dispersed zone (IDZ) is formed. The IZD model composed of thermodynamically instable O/W or W/O microemulsion has reasonably explained enormous experimental phenomena in nonlinear mass transfer. To forecast the possible parameter ranges of IDZ process and abrupt change of liquid-liquid mass transfer rate, the dynamic characteristics of a molecular diffusion model are considered in this paper. We applied the bifurcation theory of planar dynamical system, Laplace transform, and maple software to investigate the model, and obtain different phase portraits of the system in different regions. The results obtained will play an important directive role in the study of IDZ model.
1. Introduction
Liquid-liquid mass transfer and reaction mass transfer processes are widely used in many industries such as nuclear energy, hydrometallurgy, pharmaceutical, and chemical. In research on production process control and techniques, we found that interphase processes are main control procedures for these liquid-liquid systems. In mass transfer process, the interphase zone always evolves with time, accompanying with chemical reaction, hyedromchanics instability, automatic dispersion, formation of interphase layer, absorption and coalescence of dispersed particles, and formation of interphase layer structure, etc. [1–3].
Traditional dynamic research methods for interphase mass transfer kinetics in liquid-liquid systems use concentration difference to express the driving force for mass transfer, and assumed that each phase is unchangeable even in the interface and interphase layers have different thicknesses. However, such assumption is unable to explain the bifurcation of mass transfer rate in liquid-liquid systems under the effect of mechanic field, electric field, magnetic field, gravitational field, and sound field, etc. [1–7]. Abrupt change of mass transfer rate has great effect on theoretical research and production practice and becomes an important content of theoretical research and engineering security control. To overcome the limit in traditional understanding, Tarasov et al. have developed the physical model of IDZ through analyzing actual process phenomena[1–3]. Taking the mass transfer process in liquid-liquid stripping system as an example, Zhang holds that, due to the effect of coordinate chemical binding between extractant and extract as well as intermolecular function between coordination compound and solvent molecules, when the extracted ion carries the extractant and solvent particles dispersing near the inorganic interphase layer in the process of transferring from organic to inorganic phase, the extractant and the solvent after separating from the ion can form an O/W microemulsion near the inorganic interphase zone under the competition of water molecules in the inorganic phase of other stripping agents. Similarly, the extract in the inorganic phase in liquid-liquid extraction system can also form a W/O microemulion near the organic interphase layer. Under the effect of the thermal movement of molecule and concentration driving force, the two types of microemulsion come into being dynamically and will change dynamically during mass transfer process. Moreover, the O/W microemulsion in the inorganic interphase and the W/O microemulsion near the organic interphase layer can come into being simultaneously in the interphase layer of the mass transfer process. It is inferable that a bicontinuous-phase microemulsion can also be produced between the O/W microemulsion and the W/O microemulsion in the interphase layer [8]. This process is generally known as mass transfer microemulsion process in liquid-liquid system interface. This model for nonhomogenous mass transfer or reaction mass transfer process in the interface is called the model of IDZ[3].
In the reactor shown in Figure 1, we have obtained the molecular diffusion equation for interphase mass transfer and the equation describing interphase mass transfer process through equilibrium calculations by carrying out experiments for extraction and stripping of inorganic acid and transitional metal compounds. When a small-range of external electrostatic field was applied in the system, the bifurcation phenomenon was found in interphase mass transfer rate (refer to Figure 2).
When using any amine extractant to extract hydrochloric acid, there also appears a sudden change of the interphase mass transfer velocity when the initial concentration of hydrochloric acid is adjusted a little [3]. The phenomenon of the sudden change of the interphase mass transfer velocity caused by the microranged concentration adjustment cannot be explained with Fick’s Law of diffusion. To coordinate the contradiction, Zhang and Trasov gave an explanation that along with the transfer of the key components in the phase interface areas, the water phase and organic phase form an IDZ structure, that is, water-in-oil emulsion, which gives rise to changes in interphase structure [2, 8].
Koltsova et al. have simplified the mass transfer interhpase layer into noncontinuous fluid film mode with interspace, and studied the IDZ process by using fractal dynamic model through simulation of the impetus of nonequilibrium thermodynamics [6, 7]. Since the effect of chemical reaction rate in these systems is much less than that of diffusion, we have used for quantitative research on the change of interphase layer thickness and dispersive characteristics of medium induced by applying mechanical function in the interphase layer zone (refer to Figures 3 and 4) [6].
Numerous researches show that the change of internal factors and the effect of external fields in mass transfer process can cause non-linear interphase molecular diffusion and abrupt change of interphase structure in liquid-liquid mass transfer. This also makes those parameter ranges in liquid-liquid mass transfer rate that may change abruptly a basic theoretical issue that has aroused common attention of researchers.
This paper studies the dynamic characteristics and phase diagram of molecular model in liquid layer. The possibility of abrupt change of the reaction mass transfer process is forecast through the basic mass transfer process for liquid-liquid molecular diffusion.
The bifurcation theory of the plane polynomial vector fields plays an important role in the study of nonlinear dynamic system. By using the bifurcation theory, Li et al. [9] are considered a parametrically and externally excited mechanical system. Li et al. [10] investigated the rotor-AMB system with time-varying stiffness of single degree of freedom and found that there exist, respectively, at least 17, 19, 21, and 22 limit cycles in the system under four different control conditions. The dynamic characteristics of a molecular diffusion model are considered in this paper, we applied the bifurcation theory of planar dynamical system, laplace transform, and maple software to investigate the model, we obtain different phase portraits of the system in different regions. The results obtained will play an important directive role in the study of IDZ model.
2. Laplace Transform and the Averaged Equation
Based on the mathematical model of double film molecular diffusion, the one-dimensional second-order differential equation with thickness as h for controlling molecular diffusion in phase interface can be considered as , where refers to time, refers to the concentration of the transferring composition at the time and position , and refers to molecular diffusion coefficient. Unit of quantities in the diffusion coefficient is []. To find the molecular diffusion coefficient the formula in diluted solutions [11] can be used: , where refers to molecular weight of solvent, refers to temperature and its units is K, refers to coefficient of dynamic viscosity and its units is mPa.s, and refers to coalescence parameter of solvent molecules.
By using the Laplace transform to the following model as to :
we get
From (2.2) we can obtain
Simplify (2.2) we get
Substitute to the above
So
Let
Using the Taylor series expansion to at the point
At the same time, we introduce Taylor series expansion to the right side of (2.7) at the point :
From (2.8) and (2.9), based on the two sides coefficient of is equal, we can get
So,
Substitute for and for for the convenience of our study, we get .
For any given initial values , , we can find the corresponding . Let and , and , we can obtain .
Let , so .
If we introduce the nonlinear transform , then
By means of the nonlinear transform, (2.6) is equivalent to the averaged equation
where and are parameters, , .
The Hamiltonian function of system (2.13) is
3. Characteristic of the Singular Points
The singular points of system (2.13) are
where , ,, .
For a singular point of system (2.13), its characteristic is determined by the eigenvalue of the polynomial
where
By the bifurcation theory of the plane polynomial vector fields, for a singular point of a planar Hamiltonian system, if , then this singular point is a saddle point; if , then it is a center point; if , the singular point is a cusp [12].
Based on the bifurcation theory of the plane polynomial vector fields, it is found that the singular points , , , , are the centers, and the singular points , , are the saddle points.
From (2.14), we can obtain the value of the Hamiltonian function at the singular point of system (2.13), respectively,
where , .
4. Bifurcation Parameter and Dynamic Analysis
In order to compare , , , we consider these curves:
These three curves and divided the plane into some different bifurcation regions as shown in Figure 5.
Where the region I is and , the region II is , and . The region III is and .
Case I
We consider the parameter condition of , the phase portrait of system (2.13) as shown in Figure 6.So,, , , , , , . We can obtain , , , .
Figure 7 demonstrates the changing process of the phase portraits as h varied under the condition .
There are nine different families of closed orbits for system (2.13) as the variable changes, which are described as follows:, four families closed orbits enclosing the singular points ;: two families closed orbits enclosing the singular points ;: two families closed orbits enclosing the singular points : one family closed orbit enclosing the singular point ;: two families closed orbits enclosing the singular points , and ;: one family closed orbit enclosing the singular points, and ;: two families closed orbits enclosing the singular points , ;, : four families closed orbits enclosing the singular points : the global closed orbit enclosing all the singular points.
Notice that as h increases, the periodic orbits and contract inwards all other periodic orbits expand outwards.
The phase portraits are topologically equivalent to the Figure 6 when the parameters .
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Case II
When through the line from right to left that means the region II changes into the region I, the bifurcation happened. Figure 8 show the phase portraits of system (2.13) in the region I.The phase portraits are topologically equivalent to Figure 8 when the parameters .
Case III
When through the curven , from up to down that means the region II changes into the region III, the bifurcation happened. Figure 9 shows the phase portraits of system (2.13) in the region III.
The phase portraits are topologically equivalent to Figure 9 when the parameters.
Based on the above analysis, we know that the phase portraits are different from each other because there are in different regions.
5. Conclusions
The dynamic characteristics of a molecular diffusion model are considered in this paper, by using the bifurcation theory of planar dynamical system, Laplace transform, and maple software. First the model equation was transformed to the averaged equation by means of Laplace transform, and we obtain that when bifurcation parameters through the line and the curve the interphase structure will change suddenly, and then we get the phase portraits of system (2.13) in different regions. The results obtained enriches the dynamic research contents of the Liquid-liquid system, and have important theory values and apply values for further study of the IDZ model as well as to find the change regions in which the mass transfer rate maybe change suddenly.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Contract no. 10732020 and 20476010), and the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (Contract no. 1082002).