Thermal Radiation and MHD Effects on Free Convective Flow of a Polar Fluid through a Porous Medium in the Presence of Internal Heat Generation and Chemical Reaction

Abstract

An analysis is presented to study the MHD free convection with thermal radiation and mass transfer of polar fluid through a porous medium occupying a semi-infinite region of the space bounded by an infinite vertical porous plate with constant suction velocity in the presence of chemical reaction, internal heat source, viscous and Darcy's dissipation. The highly nonlinear coupled differential equations governing the boundary layer flow, heat, and mass transfer are solved by using a two-term perturbation method with Eckert number 𝐸 as a perturbation parameter. The results are obtained for velocity, angular velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. The effect of various material parameters on flow, heat, and mass transfer variables is discussed and illustrated graphically.

1. Introduction

Coupled heat and mass transfer problems in presence of chemical reaction are of importance in many processes and have, therefore, received considerable amount of attention in recent years. In processes such as drying, distribution of temperature and moisture over agricultural fields and graves of fruit trees, damage of crops due to freezing, evaporation at the surface of a water body, energy transfer in a wet cooling tower, and flow in a desert cooler, heat and mass transfer occur simultaneously. Possible applications of this type of flow can be found in many industries. For example, in the electric power industry, among the methods of generating electric power is one in which electrical energy is extracted directly from a moving conducting fluid. Chemical reactions can be modeled as either homogeneous or heterogeneous processes. This depends on whether they occur at an interface or as a single phase volume reaction. A homogeneous reaction is one that occurs uniformly throughout a given phase. The species generation in a homogeneous reaction is the same as internal source of heat generation. On the other hand, a heterogeneous reaction takes place in a restricted area or within the boundary of a phase. It can therefore be treated as a boundary condition similar to the constant heat flux condition in heat transfer. The study of heat and mass transfer with chemical reaction is of great practical importance to engineers and scientists because of its almost universal occurrence in many branches of science and engineering. Das et al. [1] have studied the effects of mass transfer on the flow past impulsively started infinite vertical plate with constant heat flux and chemical reaction. Diffusion of a chemically reactive species from a stretching sheet is studied by Anderson et al. [2]. Anjali Devi and Kandasamy [3] have analyzed the effects of chemical reaction, heat and mass transfer on laminar flow along a semi-infinite horizontal plate. Muthucumaraswamy and Ganesan [4–6] have studied the impulsive motion of a vertical plate with heat flux/mass flux/suction and diffusion of chemically reaction species. Muthucumaraswamy [7] has analyzed the effects of a chemical reaction on a moving isothermal vertical surface with suction. Ghaly and Seddeek [8] have discussed the Chebyshev finite difference method for the effects of chemical reaction, heat and mass transfer on laminar flow along a semi-infinite horizontal plate with temperature-dependent viscosity. Kandasamy et al. [9, 10] studied effects of chemical reaction, heat and mass transfer along a wedge with heat source and concentration in the presence of suction or injection, and chemical reaction, heat and mass transfer on MHD flow over a vertical stretching surface with heat source and thermal stratification effects. Mohamed et al. [11] have discussed the finite element method for the effect of a chemical reaction on hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer of a heat generation fluid over a surface embedded in a non-Darcian porous medium.

Convection problems associated with heat sources within fluid-saturated porous media are of great practical significance in a number of practical applications in geophysics and energy-related problems, such as recovery of petroleum resources, geophysical flow, cooling of underground electric cables, storage of nuclear waste materials, ground water pollution, fiber and granular insulations, solidification of costing, chemical catalytic reactors, and environmental impact of buried heat generating waste. Effect of heat generation or absorption on free convective flow with heat and mass transfer in geometries with and without porous media has been studied by many scientists and technologists [12–22].

The study of flow and heat transfer for an electrically conducting polar fluid past a porous plate under the influence of a magnetic field has attracted the interest of many investigators in view of its applications in many engineering problems such as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator, plasma studies, nuclear reactors, oil exploration, geothermal energy extractions, and the boundary layer control in the field of aerodynamics [23]. Polar fluids are fluids with microstructure belonging to a class of fluids with nonsymmetrical stress tensor. Physically, the represented fluids are consisting of randomly oriented particles suspended in a viscous medium [24–26]. Ibrahim et al. [27] studied unsteady magnetohydrodynamic micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer over a vertical porous plate through a porous medium in the presence of thermal and mass diffusion with a constant heat source. Rahman and Sattar [28] studied MHD convective flow of a micropolar fluid past a vertical porous plate in the presence of heat generation/absorption. Kim [29] investigated MHD convection flow of polar fluids past a vertical moving porous plate in a porous medium. Helmy [30] obtained the solution for a magneto-hydromagnetic unsteady free convection flow past a vertical porous plate for a Newtonian fluid and a special type of non-Newtonion fluid known as micropolar fluids. Ogulu [31] studied the influence of radiation absorption on unsteady free convection and mass transfer flow of a polar fluid in the presence of uniform magnetic field. Anjali Devi and Kandasamy [32] have analyzed the effects of chemical reaction, heat and mass transfer on MHD flow past a semi infinite plate. The flow and mass transfer on a stretching sheet with a magnetic field and chemically reactive species are examined by Takhar et al. [33]. Raptis and Perdikis [34] have analyzed the effect of a chemical reaction of an electrically conducting viscous fluid on the flow over a nonlinearly (quadratic) semi-infinite stretching sheet in the presence of a constant magnetic field which is normal to the sheet. Seddeek [35] has studied the finite element for the effects of chemical reaction, variable viscosity, thermophoresis, and heat generation/absorption on a boundary layer hydromagnetic flow with heat and mass transfer over a heat source. Sharma and Thakur [36] have analyzed the effects of MHD on couple stress fluid heated from below in porous medium. V. Sharma and S. Sharma [37] have discussed effects of thermosolutal convection of micropolar fluids with MHD through a porous medium. The effect of heat and mass transfer on MHD micropolar flow over a vertical moving porous plate in a porous medium has studied by Kim [38]. The effect of rotation on a layer of micropolar ferromagnetic fluid heated from below saturating a porous medium is investigated by Sunil et al. [39].

Many processes are new engineering areas occuring at high temperatures, and knowledge of radiate heat transfer becomes very important for the design of the pertinent equipment. Nuclear power planets gas turbines and the various propulsion devices for aircraft, missiles, satellites, and space vehicles of radiation effects on the various types of flows are quite complicated. On the other hand, heat transfer by simultaneous free convection and thermal radiation in the case of a polar fluid has not received as much attention. This is unfortunate because thermal radiation plays an important role in determining the overall surface heat transfer in situations where convective heat transfer coefficients are small, as is the case in free convection such situations are common in space technology [40]. The effects of radiation on the flow and heat transfer of micropolar fluid past a continuously moving plate have been studied by many authors; see [41–44]. The radiation effect on heat transfer of a micropolar fluid past unmoving horizontal plate through a porous medium was studied by Abo-Eldahab and Ghonaim [45]. Ogulu [46] has studied the oscillating plate-temperature flow of a polar fluid past a vertical porous plate in the presence of couple stresses and radiation. Rahman and Sultana [47] investigated the thermal radiation interaction of the boundary layer flow of micropolar fluid past a heated vertical porous plate embedded in a porous medium with variable suction as well as heat flux at the plate.

Recently, Mohamed and Abo-Dahab [48] investigated the effects of chemical reaction and thermal radiation on the heat and mass transfer in MHD micropolar flow over a vertical moving porous plate in a porous medium with heat generation.

The object of the present paper is to study the two-dimensional steady radiative heat and mass transfer flow of an incompressible, laminar, and electrically conductive viscous dissipative polar fluid flow through a porous medium, occupying a semi-infinite region of the space bounded by an infinite vertical porous plate in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field, chemical reaction of the first-order and internal heat generation. Approximate solutions to the coupled nonlinear equations governing the flow are derived and expression for the velocity, angular velocity, temperature, concentration, the rates of heat and mass transfer, and the skin-friction are derived. Numerical calculations are carried out; the purpose of the discussion of the results which are shown on graphs and the effects of the various dimensionless parameters entering into the problem on the velocity, angular velocity, temperature, concentration, the skin-friction, wall heat transfer, and mass transfer rates are studied.

2. Formulation of the Problem

The basic equations of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, energy and concentration for steady flow of polar fluids with the vector fields are as follows:𝜌()∇⋅𝐕=0,𝐕⋅∇𝐕=𝜇+𝜇_𝑟∇²𝐕+2𝜇_𝑟(∇×𝛀)+𝜌𝐅,𝜌𝑘²(𝐕⋅∇)𝛀=𝐶_𝑎+𝐶_𝑑[∇(∇⋅𝛀)−∇×(∇×𝛀)],𝜌𝑐_𝑃(𝐕⋅∇)𝑇^∗=𝜆∇²𝑇^∗+𝜇+𝜇_𝑟|∇×𝐕|²+𝜇_𝑟Ω²+2𝜇_𝑟[𝛀⋅(∇×𝐕)]+𝛾^∗|∇×𝛀|²+𝜌𝚽−∇⋅𝐪_𝑟()𝐶+𝑄,𝐕⋅∇^∗=𝐷^∗∇²𝐶^∗−𝐾_𝑛𝐶^𝑛. (2.1) Here, Φis the dissipation function of mechanical energy per unit mass, 𝐕 is the velocity vector, Ω is the rotation vector, 𝐅 is the body force vector, μ is the fluid viscosity, 𝜇_𝑟 is the dynamic rotational viscosity, 𝑛 is the order of the reaction, 𝐾_𝑛 is the rate constant, 𝑄=𝑄_𝑜(𝑇^∗−𝑇^∗_∞) is the internal heat generation term, 𝛾^∗ is the spin-gradient of the fluid, and 𝐪_𝑟 is the heat flux vector included within the fluid as a result of temperature gradients.

We consider a two dimensional Carisian coordinates (𝑥^∗,𝑦^∗), steady hydromagnetic free convection with thermal radiation and mass transfer flow of laminar, viscous, incompressible, and heat generation polar fluid through a porous medium occupying a semi-infinite region of the space bounded by an infinite vertical porous plate in the presence of a transverse magnetic field and chemical reaction. 𝑥^∗ is taken along the vertical plate and 𝑦^∗ is normal to it. The velocity, the angular velocity, the temperature, and the species concentration fields are (𝑢^∗,𝑣^∗,0),(0,0,𝑤^∗), 𝑇^∗, and 𝐶^∗, respectively. The surface is maintained at a constant temperature 𝑇^∗_𝑤 different from the porous medium temperature 𝑇^∗_∞ sufficiently a way from the surface and allows a constant suction. The fluid is assumed to be a gray, emitting-absorbing, but nonscattering medium and the Rosseland approximation is used to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. The radiative heat flux in the 𝑥^∗-direction is considered negligible in comparison to the 𝑦^∗-direction. A magnetic field of uniform strength is applied transversely to the direction of the flow. The magnetic Reynolds number of the flow is taken to be small enough so that the induced magnetic field can be neglected. No electric field is assumed to exit and both viscous and magnetic dissipations are neglected. A heat source is placed within the flow to allow possible heat generation effects. The concentration of diffusing species is assumed to be very small in comparison with other chemical species which are present; the concentration of species far from the surface 𝐶^∗_∞ is infinitesimally small [49] and hence the Soret and Duffer effects are neglected. However, the effects of the viscous dissipation and Darcy dissipation (ignoring the contribution due couple stresses as a first approximation) are accounted in the energy balance equation. The chemical reaction is taking place in the flow and all thermophysical properties are assumed to be constant. The flow is due to buoyancy effects arising from density variations caused by differences in the temperature as well as species concentration. The diagrammatic of the problem is displayed in Figure 1. The governing equations for this physical situation are based on the usual balance laws of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy and mass diffusion modified to account for the physical effects mentioned above.

Figure 1 

Schematic of the problem.

These equations are given by𝜕𝑣^∗𝜕𝑦^∗=0, (2.2)𝑣^∗𝜕𝑢^∗𝜕𝑦^∗=𝑔𝛽_𝑡𝑇^∗−𝑇^∗_∞+𝑔𝛽_𝑐𝐶^∗−𝐶^∗_∞+𝜈+𝜈_𝑟𝜕²𝑢^∗𝜕𝑦^∗2+2𝜈_𝑟𝜕𝜔^∗𝜕𝑦^∗−𝜈+𝜈_𝑟𝐾^′𝑢^∗−𝜎𝐵²_𝑜𝜌𝑢^∗,𝑣^∗𝜕𝜔^∗𝜕𝑦^∗=𝛾𝐼𝜕²𝜔^∗𝜕𝑦^∗2, (2.3)𝑣^∗𝜕𝑇^∗𝜕𝑦^∗=𝜆𝜌𝑐_𝑃𝜕²𝑇^∗𝜕𝑦^∗2+𝑄_𝑜𝜌𝑐_𝑃𝑇^∗−𝑇^∗_∞+𝜈𝑐_𝑃𝜕𝑢^∗𝜕𝑦^∗2+𝜈𝐾^′𝑐_𝑃𝑢^∗2−1𝜌𝑐_𝑃𝜕𝑞^∗_𝑟𝜕𝑦^∗, (2.4)𝑣^∗𝜕𝐶^∗𝜕𝑦^∗=𝐷^∗𝜕²𝐶^∗𝜕𝑦^∗2−𝐾₁𝐶^∗ (2.5) after employing the “volume averaging” process [50] and 𝛾=(𝐶_𝑎+𝐶_𝑑).

Since the fluid is viscous and especially a fluid with couple stress, according to following D'ep [25], the boundary conditions are𝑢^∗=0,𝑇^∗=𝑇^∗_𝑤,𝐶^∗=𝐶^∗_𝑤,𝜕𝜔^∗𝜕𝑦^∗𝜕=−²𝑢^∗𝜕𝑦^∗,at𝑦^∗𝑢=0,_∗⟶∞,𝜔^∗⟶0,𝑇^∗⟶𝑇^∗_∞,𝐶^∗⟶𝐶^∗_∞,as𝑦^∗⟶∞. (2.6)

These boundary condition are derived from the assumption that the couple stresses are dominant during the rotation of the particles.

The radiative heat flux under Rosseland approximation (see, Raptis [41], Sparrow and Cess [51]), 𝑞^∗_𝑟, takes the form𝑞^∗_𝑟=−4𝜎^∗3𝐾^∗𝜕𝑇^∗4𝜕𝑦^∗. (2.7) It should be noted that by using the Rosseland approximation, we limit our analysis to optically thick boundary layer and assuming the Eckert number to be small 𝐸≪1.

If the temperature differences within the flow are sufficiently small, then (2.7) can be generalized by expanding 𝑇^∗4 into the Taylor's series about 𝑇^∗_∞ and neglecting higher-order terms, which gives [41]𝑇^∗≅𝑇_∞^∗4+4𝑇^∗−𝑇^∗_∞𝑇_∞^∗3=4𝑇_∞^∗3𝑇^∗−3𝑇_∞^∗4. (2.8) The works [41–48] and many authors used the linearized from (2.8) of thermal radiations. Linearized thermal radiation, (2.8), makes the problem easy to handle; in this work we use linear form of thermal radiation.

By using (2.7) and (2.8) into (2.4), we get 𝑣^∗𝜕𝑇^∗𝜕𝑦^∗=𝜆𝜌𝑐_𝑃𝜕²𝑇^∗𝜕𝑦^∗2+𝑄_𝑜𝜌𝑐_𝑃𝑇^∗−𝑇^∗_∞+𝜈𝑐_𝑃𝜕𝑢^∗𝜕𝑦^∗2+𝜈𝐾^′𝑐_𝑃𝑢^∗2+16𝜎^∗3𝜌𝑐_𝑃𝑇^∗3𝐾^∗𝜕²𝑇^∗𝜕𝑦^∗2. (2.9)

The integration of the continuity (2.2) yields𝑣^∗=−𝑣_𝑜, (2.10) where 𝑣_𝑜is the constant suction velocity at the wall and the negative sign indicates that the suction velocity is directed towards the plate.

We Introduce the following nondimensional quantities:𝑦𝑦=^∗𝑣_𝑜𝜈𝑢,𝑢=^∗𝑣_𝑜𝑇,𝜃=^∗−𝑇^∗_∞𝑇^∗_𝑤−𝑇^∗_∞𝜔,𝜔=^∗𝜈𝑣²_𝑜𝐶,𝜙=^∗−𝐶^∗_∞𝐶^∗_𝑤−𝐶^∗_∞. (2.11) Substituting from (2.11) into (2.3), (2.5), and (2.9) and taking into account (2.10), we obtain (1+𝛼)𝑢^′′+𝑢^′−1+𝛼+𝐾𝑀𝐾𝑢=−𝐺𝑟𝜃+𝐺𝑚𝜙+2𝛼𝜔^′,𝜔^′′+𝛽𝜔^′=0,1+4𝑅3𝜃^′′+Pr𝜃^′+Pr𝑄𝜃=−Pr𝐸𝑢^′2+𝑢²𝐾,𝜙^′′+𝑆𝑐𝜙^′−Δ𝑆𝑐𝜙=0. (2.12)(2.13) The mass diffusion (2.13) can be adjusted to represent a destructive reaction if Δ>0, no chemical reaction if Δ=0 and generation reaction if Δ<0.

The dimensionless form of the boundary conditions (2.6) becomes 𝑢=0,𝜔^′=−𝑢^′′,𝜃=1,𝜙=1,at𝑦=0,𝑢⟶0,𝜔⟶0,𝜃⟶0,𝜙⟶0,as𝑦⟶∞, (2.14) where prime denotes the differentiation with respect to 𝑦, and𝜈𝛼=^𝑟𝜈,𝛽=𝐼𝜈𝛾,Pr=𝜌𝜈𝑐_𝑃𝜆𝑣,𝐸=^2𝑜𝑐_𝑃𝑇^∗_𝑤−𝑇^∗_∞,𝑅=4𝜎^∗𝑇^∗3_∞𝐾^∗𝜆,𝐺𝑟=𝜈𝑔𝛽_𝑡𝑇^∗_𝑤−𝑇^∗_∞𝑣³_𝑜,G𝑚=𝜈𝑔𝛽_𝑐𝐶^∗_𝑤−𝐶^∗_∞𝑣³_𝑜𝐾,𝐾=^′𝑣²_𝑜𝜈²,𝑄𝑄=^𝑜𝜈𝜌𝑐_𝑃𝑣²_𝑜𝜈,𝑆𝑐=𝐷^∗𝐾,Δ=¹𝜈𝑣²_𝑜,𝑀=𝜎𝐵²_𝑜𝜈𝜌𝑣²_𝑜, (2.15) where the variables and related quantities are defined in the nomenclature.

The problem under consideration is now reduced to the system of (2.12)–(2.14), the solutions of which are obtained in the following section.

3. Solution of the Problem

The exact solution of (2.13) subject to the corresponding boundary conditions (2.14) takes the form𝜙𝑦=Exp𝑅₁𝑦, (3.1) where𝑅₁=−𝑆𝑐−√𝑆𝑐²+4𝑆𝑐Δ2. (3.2)

The problem posed in (2.12) subject to the boundary condition presented in (2.14) is highly non-linear coupled equations and generally will involve a step by step numerical integration of the explicit finite difference scheme. However, analytical solutions are possible. Since viscous dissipation parameter 𝐸 is very small in most of the practical problems, therefore, we can advance an asymptotic expansion with 𝐸 as perturbation parametric for the velocity, angular velocity, and temperature profile as follow: 𝑢=𝑢₀𝑦+𝐸𝑢₁𝑦+𝑂𝐸²,𝜔=𝜔₀𝑦+𝐸𝜔₁𝑦+𝑂𝐸²,𝜃=𝜃₀𝑦+𝐸𝜃₁𝑦+𝑂𝐸², (3.3) where the zeroth order terms correspond to the case in which the viscous and Darcy's dissipation is neglected (𝐸=0). By the substitution of (3.3) into (2.12) and the boundary conditions (2.14), we get the following system of equations.

Zeroth order(1+𝛼)𝑢₀^′′+𝑢^′₀−1+𝛼+𝐾𝑀𝐾𝑢₀=−𝐺𝑟𝜃₀+𝐺𝑚𝜙+2𝛼𝜔^′₀,𝜔₀^′′+𝛽𝜔^′₀=0,1+4𝑅3𝜃₀^′′+Pr𝜃^′₀+𝑄𝜃₀=0 (3.4) subject to the reduced boundary conditions𝑢_𝑜=0,𝜔^′₀=−𝑢₀^′′,𝜃₀𝑢=1,at𝑦=0,₀⟶1,𝜔₀⟶0,𝜃₀⟶0,as𝑦⟶∞. (3.5) First order(1+𝛼)𝑢₁^′′+𝑢^′₁−1+𝛼+𝐾𝑀𝐾𝑢₁=−𝐺𝑟𝜃₁+2𝛼𝜔^′₁,𝜔₁^′′+𝛽𝜔^′₁=0,1+4𝑅3𝜃₁^′′+Pr𝜃^′₁+𝑄𝜃₁=−Pr𝑢₀^′2+𝑢²₀𝐾 (3.6) subject to the reduced boundary conditions𝑢₁=0,𝜔^′₁=−𝑢₁^′′,𝜃₁𝑢=0,at𝑦=0,₁⟶0,𝜔^′₀⟶0,𝜃₁⟶0,as𝑦⟶∞. (3.7)

Solving (3.4) under the boundary conditions in (3.5) and (3.6) under the boundary conditions (3.7) and substituting the solutions into (3.3), we obtain𝑢𝑦=𝐶₂𝑒^𝑅5𝑦+𝐴₁𝑒^𝑅3𝑦+𝐴₂𝑒^𝑅1𝑦+𝐴₃𝐶₁𝑒^−𝛽𝑦+𝐸𝐶₄𝑒^𝑅5𝑦+𝐴₁₄𝑒^𝑅3𝑦+𝐴₁₅𝑒^2𝑅5𝑦+𝐴₁₆𝑒^2𝑅3𝑦+𝐴₁₇𝑒^2𝑅1𝑦+𝐴₁₈𝑒−^2𝛽𝑦+𝐴₁₉𝑒^{(𝑅3+𝑅5)𝑦}+𝐴₂₀𝑒^{(𝑅1+𝑅5)𝑦}+𝐴₂₁𝑒^{(𝑅5−𝛽)𝑦}+𝐴₂₂𝑒^{(𝑅1+𝑅3)𝑦}+𝐴₂₃𝑒^{(𝑅3−𝛽)𝑦}+𝐴₂₄𝑒^{(𝑅1−𝛽)𝑦}+𝐴₂₅𝐶₃𝑒^−𝛽𝑦+𝑂𝐸²,𝑤𝑦=𝐶₁+𝐸𝐶₃𝑒^−𝛽𝑦+𝑂𝐸²,𝜃𝑦=𝑒^𝑅3𝑦+𝐸𝐷₁𝑒^𝑅3𝑦+𝐴₄𝑒^2𝑅5𝑦+𝐴₅𝑒^2𝑅3𝑦+𝐴₆𝑒^2𝑅1𝑦+𝐴₇𝑒^−2𝛽𝑦+𝐴₈𝑒^{(𝑅3+𝑅5)𝑦}+𝐴₉𝑒^{(𝑅1+𝑅5)𝑦}+𝐴₁₀𝑒^{(𝑅5−𝛽)𝑦}+𝐴₁₁𝑒^{(𝑅1+𝑅3)𝑦}+𝐴₁₂𝑒^{(𝑅3−𝛽)𝑦}+𝐴₁₃𝑒^{(𝑅1−𝛽)𝑦}+𝑂𝐸², (3.8) where the exponential indices and coefficients are given in the Appendix.

From the engineering point of view, the most important characteristics of the flow are the skin friction coefficient 𝐶_𝑓, Nuselt 𝑁𝑢, and Scherwood 𝑆ℎ numbers, which are given below:𝐶_𝑓=𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑦_𝑦=0=𝑑𝑢₀𝑑𝑦+𝐸𝑑𝑢₁𝑑𝑦_𝑦=0,𝑁𝑢=−1+4𝑅3𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑦_𝑦=0=−1+4𝑅3𝑑𝜃₀𝑑𝑦+𝐸𝑑𝜃₁𝑑𝑦_𝑦=0,𝑆ℎ=−𝜕𝜙𝜕𝑦_𝑦=0=−𝑅₁. (3.9) If the thermal radiation and uniform transverse magnetic field are neglected, all the relevant results obtained are deduced to the results obtained in [22].

4. Numerical Results and Discussions

For a computation work, we used a Matlab program as a software, to illustrate the behavior of velocity 𝑢, angular velocity 𝜔, temperature 𝜃, and concentration 𝜙 fields; a numerical computation is carried out for various values of the parameters that describe the flow characteristics and the results are reported in terms of graphs. This is done in order to illustrate the special features of the solutions. The chemical reaction parameter Δ=0,0.5,1,3, where Δ=0 corresponds to the case of no chemical reaction. Figure 2 presents the profiles of the velocity, angular velocity, and concentration for various values of chemical reaction parameter Δ>0. It is noted from Figure 2 that an increase in the values of chemical reaction parameter leads to decrease in the velocity and concentration and an increase in angular velocity of the polar fluid. The MHD and the concentration boundary layer become thin as the reaction parameters. The negative values of the angular velocity indicate that the angular velocity of substructures in the polar fluid is clockwise. Schmidt number 𝑆𝑐 is chosen for hydrogen (𝑆𝑐=0.22), water-vapor (𝑆𝑐=0.62), and ammonia (𝑆𝑐=0.78) at temperature 25°C and one atmospheric pressure. It is noted from Figure 3 that an increasing of the values of Schmidt number 𝑆𝑐 leads a decrease in velocity and concentration. Physically, the increase of 𝑆𝑐 means the decrease of molecular diffusivity 𝐷^∗. That results in a decrease of concentration boundary layer, hence, the concentration of the spices for small values of 𝑆𝑐 and lower for larger values of 𝑆𝑐. Also, it appears that there is a slight change in angular velocity with various values of 𝑆𝑐.

Figure 2 

Effect of Δ on 𝑢, 𝜔 and 𝜑 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝐾=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝛼=𝑅=0.1, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=𝑀=2, 𝐸=0.01, and𝛽=2.

Figure 3 

Effect of 𝑆𝑐 on 𝑢, 𝜔 and𝜑 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝐾=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝛼=𝑅=0.1, Δ=0.5, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=𝑀=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

The values of Prandtl number Pr are chosen to be Pr=0.71,1,2,3. The effect of buoyancy is significant for Pr=0.71 (air) due to the lower density. Figure 4 displays the effect of the Prandtl number Pr on the velocity, angular velocity, and temperature; it is clear that an increase of Pr leads to a decrease in 𝑢 that physically is true because the increase in the Prandtl number is due to the increase in the viscosities of the fluid which makes the fluid thick and hence causes a decrease in the velocity of fluid; the temperature 𝜃 decreases with the increasing of Pr; clearly, the increase of Prandtl number leads to a decreasing thermal boundary layer thickness and more uniform temperature distribution across the boundary layer. This results explain the fact that smaller values of Pr are equivalent to increasing the thermal conductivities, so that heat is able to diffuse away from the surface more rapidly than for higher values of Pr. Therefore, the boundary layer becomes thicker which finally reduces the temperature, but slight change in angular velocity 𝜔 with causes the increasing of Pr. The internal heat generation parameter 𝑄 is chosen to be 𝑄=0,0.5,1,1.5, where 𝑄=0 corresponds to the case of no heat source. The effects of internal heat generation parameter 𝑄 on the velocity and angular velocity are displayed in Figure 5. It is clear that as the parameter 𝑄 increases, the velocity and angular velocity (in magnitude) lead to a fall. Further, it is noticed that the temperature decreases; this result qualitatively agrees with the results in [22].

Figure 4 

Effect ofPr on 𝑢, 𝜔, and 𝜃 respect to 𝑦, where,𝐾=0.5, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, 𝑄=0.5, 𝛼=𝑅=0.1, Δ=0.5, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=𝑀=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

Figure 5 

Effect of 𝑄 on 𝑢, 𝜔, and 𝜃 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝐾=0.5,Pr=0.71, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, 𝛼=𝑅=0.1, Δ=0.5, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=𝑀=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

The radiation parameter 𝑅 is chosen to be 𝑅=0,1,3,5, where 𝑅=0 corresponds to the case of no thermal radiation. The effects of radiation parameter 𝑅 on the velocity and angular velocity are displayed in Figure 6; it is clear that as the parameter 𝑅 increases, the velocity and temperature increase. Also, it is noticed that the angular velocity decreases. In the aiding flow, the effect of thermal radiation is to (i) increase the convection moment in the boundary layer, (ii) increase the thermal boundary-layer thickness with an increase in the value of the radiation parameter, and (iii) enhance the heat transfer coefficient in the medium. The effect of magnetic field 𝑀 parameter is shown in Figure 7, 𝑀=0,2,4,6, where, 𝑀=0 indicates to neglectes the magnetic field; it is observed that an increasing of the magnetic field leads to decreasing of 𝑢 because the application of transverse magnetic field will result in a restrictive-type force (Lorenz's force) similar to drag force which tends to resist the fluid flow and thus reducing its velocity; also, it appears that increasing of 𝑀 tends to increasing of 𝜔 and a slight change in 𝜃.The effect of permeability 𝐾 parameter is shown in Figure 8, 𝐾=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.5; it is observed that an increase in the permeability leads to an increase of 𝑢 but a decrease of 𝜔. This is due to the fact that the presence of a porous medium increases the resistance to flow and when 𝐾 tends to infinity (i.e., the porous media effects vanish), the velocity is greater in the flow fluid. These results similar to those of Patil and Kulharni [22] could be very useful in deciding the applicability of enhanced oil recovery in reservoir engineering. The effects of solutal Grashof number 𝐺𝑚 and Grashof number 𝐺𝑟 on 𝑢 and 𝜔respect to𝑦 are presented in Figures 9 and 10, respectively. It is shown that the velocity 𝑢 increases with an increasing of 𝐺𝑚 and 𝐺𝑟 but the angular velocity decreases. In fact the increase in the value of 𝐺𝑚 and 𝐺𝑟 tends to increase the thermal and mass buoyancy effect. This gives rise to an increase in the induced flow. The effect of viscosity ratio α on the velocity angular velocity and temperature profiles across the boundary layer is presented in Figure 11. The numerical results show that the velocity distribution is lower for Newtonian fluid (𝛼=0) with the fixed flow and material parameters, as compared with a polar fluid when the viscosity ratio is less than 0.5. In addition, the angular velocity is decreased as α-parameter increases. However, the distribution of angular velocity across the boundary layer does not show consistent variations with increment of α-parameter. Also, it appears that there is a slight change in temperature with varies values of viscosity ratio 𝛼. Representative velocity and angular velocity for various values of β are illustrated in Figure 12. It can be seen that an increase in the polar parameter β leads to a decrease in 𝑢 but an increase in 𝜔. From Figure 13, we may note that the velocity 𝑢 and temperature 𝜃 change slightly to the increase of the viscous dissipation 𝐸 but the angular velocity 𝜔 increases with an increase of 𝐸.

Figure 6 

Effect of 𝑅 on 𝑢, 𝜔, and 𝜃 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝐾=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝛼=𝑆𝑐=0.22, Δ=0.5, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=𝑀=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

Figure 7 

Effect of 𝑀 on 𝑢, 𝜔, and 𝜃 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝐾=0.5, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, Δ=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝛼=𝑅=0.1, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

Figure 8 

Effect of 𝐾 on 𝑢 and 𝜔 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝑀=2, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, Δ=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝛼=𝑅=0.1, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

Figure 9 

Effect of 𝐺𝑚 on 𝑢 and 𝜔 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝑀=2, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, Δ=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝛼=𝑅=0.1, 𝐷=0.5, 𝐺𝑟=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

Figure 10 

Effect of 𝐺𝑟 on 𝑢 and 𝜔 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝑀=2, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, Δ=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝛼=𝑅=0.1, 𝐷=0.5, 𝐺𝑚=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

Figure 11 

Effect of α on 𝑢,𝜔, and 𝜃 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝑀=2, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, Δ=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝑅=0.1, 𝐷=0.5, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

Figure 12 

Effect of β on 𝑢 and 𝜔 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝑀=2, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, Δ=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝑅=0.1, 𝐷=0.5, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛼=0.1.

Figure 13 

Effect of 𝐸 on 𝑢, 𝜔, and 𝜃 respect to 𝑦, where, 𝑀=2, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, Δ=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝑅=0.1, 𝐷=0.5, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=2, 𝛽=2, and 𝛼=0.1.

The skin friction (𝐶_𝑓), the wall heat transfer (𝑁𝑢), and the wall mass transfer (𝑆ℎ) coefficients are plotted in Figures 14–18, respectively. In Figures 14 and 15, the influences of 𝑀,𝑅,𝐺𝑚,𝐸,𝐺𝑟,𝑆𝑐,Pr, and 𝐾 on skin friction coefficient are plotted against chemical reaction parameter Δ, respectively. Figure 16 displays the effects of 𝐺𝑚,𝐸,𝑀, and 𝑅 on skin friction coefficient and plotted against heat generation parameter 𝑄, respectively. From Figure 14, it is seen that 𝐶_𝑓 increases with an increasing of 𝑀,𝑅, and 𝐺𝑚 but decreases with the increased values of 𝐸. From Figure 15, it appears that the skin friction (𝐶_𝑓) increases with an increasing of 𝐺𝑟 and Pr and decreases with the increased values of 𝑆𝑐 but there is no sensitive influence with the various values of 𝑘. Also, It appears that from Figure 16 that 𝐶_𝑓 increases with an increase of 𝑅 and 𝐺𝑚 but decreases with the increasing values of 𝑀 and 𝐸.It is observed that the wall slope of the velocity decreases against the chemical reaction parameter Δ and heat generation parameter 𝑄 as magnetic field 𝑀 and 𝐸 but increases with various values of solutal Grashof number 𝐺𝑚 and the radiation 𝑅. Figure 17 displays the influence of heat generation parameter 𝑄 on Nusselt number 𝑁𝑢 (wall heat transfer coefficient) with influence of Pr,𝑀, and 𝑅. It is observed that the wall heat transfer coefficient increases as heat generation parameter is increased; also, with an increasing of 𝑃𝑟 and 𝑅, the wall heat transfer coefficient increases but decreases with an increasing of the magnetic field 𝑀.

(a)

(b)

Figure 14 

Effect of 𝑀, 𝑅, 𝐺𝑚, and 𝐸 on 𝐶𝑓 respect to Δ, where,𝑆𝑐=0.22, Pr=0.71, 𝑄=0.5, 𝛼=0.1, 𝐺𝑟=2, and 𝛽=2.

(a)

(b)

Figure 15 

Effect of 𝐺𝑟, 𝑆𝑐, Pr, and 𝑘 on 𝐶𝑓 respect to Δ, where, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, Δ=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝛼=0.1, 𝐺𝑟=2, and 𝛽=2.

(a)

(b)

Figure 16 

Effect of 𝐺𝑚, 𝐸, 𝑀, and 𝑅 on 𝐶𝑓 respect to 𝑄, where, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, Δ=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝛼=0.1, 𝐺𝑟=2, and 𝛽=2.

Figure 17 

Effect of Pr, 𝑀, and 𝑅 on wall heat transfer 𝑁𝑢 respect to 𝑄, where, 𝐾=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝛼=𝑅=0.1, 𝑆𝑐=0.22, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=𝑀=2, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

Figure 18 

Effect of 𝑆𝑐 on wall mass transfer 𝑆ℎ respect to Δ, where, 𝐾=0.5, Pr=0.71, 𝛼=𝑅=0.1, 𝐺𝑚=𝐺𝑟=𝑀=2, 𝑄=0.5, 𝐸=0.01, and 𝛽=2.

The Sherwood number 𝑆ℎ (wall mass transfer coefficient) is plotted in Figure 18respect to chemical reaction Δ with influence of 𝑆𝑐. It is observed that 𝑆ℎ increases with an increasing of Δ and Sc.

Finally, it is clear from Figures 2–13 that the profiles of velocity 𝑢 increase with spanwise coordinate 𝑦 until it attains a maximum value, after which it decreases and approaches zero at the boundary. Also, it appears that the angular velocity 𝜔 starts from minimum negative value, after which it increases and tends to zero with an increasing of 𝑦; the negative values of the angular velocity indicate that the angular velocity of substructures in the polar fluid is clockwise, but the magnitude of the temperature 𝜃 and concentration 𝜙 start from their maximum value (unity) at the plate and then decays to approach zero asymptotically.

5. Conclusion

The work considered here provides an analysis of a two-dimensional steady radiative heat and mass transfer flow of an incompressible, laminar, and electrically conductive viscous dissipative polar fluid flow through a porous medium, occupying a semi-infinite region of the space bounded by an infinite vertical porous plate in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field, chemical reaction of the first order, and internal heat generation. Approximate solutions to the coupled non-linear equations governing the flow are derived and expression for the velocity, angular velocity, temperature, concentration, the rate of heat and mass transfer, and the skin-friction are derived. Results are presented graphically to illustrate the variation of velocity, angular velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number with various parameters. In this study, the following conclusions are set out:(1)it appears that with an increasing of 𝑅, 𝐾, 𝐺𝑚, α, and 𝐺𝑟, the velocity 𝑢 is increased and decreased with an increasing of Δ, 𝑆𝑐, Pr, 𝑄, β, and 𝑀 but there is a slight change with various values of 𝐸;(2)it is concluded that the angular velocity 𝜔 increases with an increasing of Δ, 𝑆𝑐, Pr, β, 𝐸 and 𝑄 but decreases with an increasing of 𝑅, 𝐾, 𝑀, 𝐺𝑚, α, and 𝐺𝑟;(3)it is obvious that the temperature 𝜃 increases with an increasing of 𝑅 but decreases with an increasing of Pr and 𝑄; there is a slight change with various values of 𝑀, 𝐸, and α;(4)it is clear that the concentration 𝜙 decreases with an increasing of Δ and 𝑆𝑐;(5)with various values of 𝑅, 𝐺𝑟, and 𝐺𝑚, the skin friction 𝐶_𝑓 increases and decreases with an increasing of 𝑀, Pr, 𝑆𝑐, and 𝐸 with variation of Δ and 𝑄;(6)it is shown that Nusselt number increases with an increasing of Pr and 𝑅 but decreases with an increasing of 𝑀 with various values of 𝑄;(7)finally, it is displayed that Sherwood number 𝑆ℎincreases with an increasing of𝑆𝑐 with various values of Δ.

Appendix

The exponential indices in (3.8) are defined by𝑅_3,4=−3Pr∓9Pr²−4(3+4𝑅)(3Pr𝑄)2(),𝑅3+4𝑅_5,6=−1∓1+(4(1+𝛼)(1+𝛼+𝐾𝑀))/𝐾2(),𝐴1+𝛼₁=−𝐺𝑟(1+𝛼)𝑅₃−𝑅₅𝑅₃−𝑅₆,𝐴₂=−𝐺𝑚(1+𝛼)𝑅₁−𝑅₅𝑅₁−𝑅₆,𝐴₃=2𝛼𝛽(1+𝛼)𝛽+𝑅₅𝛽+𝑅₆,𝐴₄=−3Pr𝐶²₂𝐾⁻¹+𝑅²₅4𝑅²₅(3+4𝑅)+6Pr𝑅₅,𝐴+3Pr𝑄₅=−3Pr𝐴²₁𝐾⁻¹+𝑅²₃4𝑅²₃(3+4𝑅)+6Pr𝑅₃+3Pr𝑄,𝐴₆=−3Pr𝐴²₂𝐾⁻¹+𝑅²₁4𝑅²₁(3+4𝑅)+6Pr𝑅₁,𝐴+3Pr𝑄₇=−3Pr𝐴²₃𝐶²₁𝐾⁻¹+𝛽²4𝛽²(3+4𝑅)−6Pr𝛽+3Pr𝑄,𝐴₈=−6Pr𝐴₁𝐶₂𝐾⁻¹+𝑅₃𝑅₅(3+4𝑅)𝑅₃+𝑅₅²+3Pr𝑅₃+𝑅₅,𝐴+3Pr𝑄₉=−6Pr𝐴₂𝐶₂𝐾⁻¹+𝑅₁𝑅₅(3+4𝑅)𝑅₁+𝑅₅²+3Pr𝑅₁+𝑅₅+3Pr𝑄,𝐴₁₄=−𝐺𝑟𝐷₁(1+𝛼)𝑅₃−𝑅₅𝑅₃−𝑅₆,𝐴₁₀=−6Pr𝐴₃𝐶₁𝐶₂𝐾⁻¹−𝛽𝑅₅(3+4𝑅)𝑅₅−𝛽²+3Pr𝑅₅−𝛽+3Pr𝑄,𝐴₁₅=−𝐺𝑟𝐴₄𝑅₅(1+𝛼)2𝑅₅−𝑅₆,𝐴₁₁=−6Pr𝐴₁𝐴₂𝐾⁻¹+𝑅₁𝑅₃(3+4𝑅)𝑅₁+𝑅₃²+3Pr𝑅₁+𝑅₃+3Pr𝑄,𝐴₁₆=−𝐺𝑟𝐴₅(1+𝛼)2𝑅₃−𝑅₅2𝑅₃−𝑅₆,𝐴₁₂=−6Pr𝐴₁𝐴₃𝐶₁𝐾⁻¹−𝛽𝑅₃(3+4𝑅)𝑅₃−𝛽²+3Pr𝑅₃−𝛽+3Pr𝑄,𝐴₁₇=−𝐺𝑟𝐴₆(1+𝛼)2𝑅₁−𝑅₅2𝑅₁−𝑅₆,𝐴₁₃=−6Pr𝐴₂𝐴₃𝐶₁𝐾⁻¹−𝛽𝑅₁(3+4𝑅)𝑅₁−𝛽²+3Pr𝑅₁−𝛽+3Pr𝑄,𝐴₁₈=−𝐺𝑟𝐴₇(1+𝛼)2𝛽+𝑅₅2𝛽+𝑅₆,𝐴₁₉=−𝐺𝑟𝐴₈𝑅₃(1+𝛼)𝑅₃+𝑅₅−𝑅₆,𝐴₂₀=−𝐺𝑟𝐴₉𝑅₁(1+𝛼)𝑅₁+𝑅₅−𝑅₆,𝐴₂₁=−𝐺𝑟𝐴₁₀𝛽(1+𝛼)𝑅₅−𝛽−𝑅₆,𝐴₂₂=−𝐺𝑟𝐴₁₁(1+𝛼)𝑅₁+𝑅₃−𝑅₅𝑅₁+𝑅₃−𝑅₆,𝐴₂₃=−𝐺𝑟𝐴₁₂(1+𝛼)𝑅₃−𝛽−𝑅₅𝑅₃−𝛽−𝑅₆,𝐴₂₄=−𝐺𝑟𝐴₁₃(1+𝛼)𝑅₁−𝛽−𝑅₅𝑅₁−𝛽−𝑅₆,𝐴₂₅=𝐴₃,𝐶₁=𝐴₁𝑅²₅−𝑅²₃+𝐴₂𝑅²₅−𝑅²₁𝐴₃𝛽²−𝑅²₅−𝛽,𝐶₂=𝐴₃𝑅²₃𝐴₁+𝑅²₁𝐴₂+𝐴₁+𝐴₂𝛽−𝐴₃𝛽²𝐴₃𝛽²−𝑅²₅,𝐶−𝛽₃=𝐻₂−𝑅²₅𝐻₁𝐴₂₅𝛽²−𝑅²₅−𝛽,𝐶₄=𝐻₁𝛽²𝐴₂₅−𝛽−𝐻₂𝐴₂₅𝐴₂₅𝛽²−𝑅²₅,𝐷−𝛽₁=−¹³_𝑖=4𝐴_𝑖,𝐻₁=−²⁴_𝑗=14𝐴_𝑗,𝐻₂=−𝑅²₃𝐴₁₄+4𝑅²₅𝐴₁₅+4𝑅²₃𝐴₁₆+4𝑅²₁𝐴₁₇+4𝛽²𝐴₁₈+𝑅₃+𝑅₅²𝐴₁₉+𝑅₁+𝑅₅²𝐴₂₀+𝑅₅−𝛽²𝐴₂₁+𝑅₁+𝑅₃²𝐴₂₂+𝑅₅−𝛽²𝐴₂₃+𝑅₁−𝛽²𝐴₂₄. (A.1)

Nomenclature

𝐵0:	The magnetic induction Tesla
𝐶∗:	The species concentration mol·m−3
𝐶∗𝑤:	The surface concentration mol·m−3
𝐶∗∞:	The species concentration far from the surface mol·m−3
𝐶𝑎, 𝐶𝑑:	The coefficients of couple stress viscosities
𝐶𝑓:	The skin-friction coefficient
𝐶𝑚:	The couple stress coefficient
𝑐𝑝:	The specific heat at constant pressure J·kg−1·K−1
𝐷∗:	The chemical molecular diffusivity m2·s−1
𝐸:	The Eckert number
𝐺𝑚:	The solutal Grashof number
𝐺𝑟:	Grashof number
𝑔:	The acceleration due to the gravity m·s−2
𝐼:	The scalar constants of dimension equal to that of the moment of inertia of unit mass m2
𝑘:	The radius of gyration of the polar fluid m
𝐾′:	The permeability of the porous media m−1
𝐾∗:	The mean absorption coefficient m−1
𝐾:	The dimensionless permeability
𝐾1:	The first-order chemical reaction rate s−1
𝑀:	The local magnetic field parameter
𝑁𝑢:	Nusselt number
Pr:	The fluid Prandtl number
𝑄0:	The heat generation coefficient W·m−3·K−1
𝑄:	The heat generation parameter
𝑞∗𝑟:	The radiative heat flux W·m−2
𝑅:	The radiation parameter
𝑆𝑐:	The generalized Schmidt number
𝑆ℎ:	Sherwood number
𝑡∗:	The dimensionless time
𝑇∗:	The temperature in the boundary layer K
𝑇∗∞:	The temperature far away from the plate K
𝑇∗𝑤:	The temperature at the wall K
𝑢:	The dimensionless velocity
𝑢∗, 𝑣∗:	The velocities along and perpendicular to the plate m·s−1
𝑣𝑜:	The constant suction velocity at the wall m·s−1
𝑥∗ and 𝑦∗:	The distances along and perpendicular to the plate, respectively m
𝑦:	The dimensionless spanwise coordinate normal to the plate
α, β:	The material parameters characterizing the polarity of the fluid
𝛽𝑐:	Volumetric coefficient of expansion with concentration K−1
𝛽𝑡:	Volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion K−1
𝛾:	The spin gradient velocity kg·m·s−1
𝜃:	The dimensionless temperature
𝜆:	The thermal conductivity of the fluid W·m−1·K−1
𝜈:	The fluid kinematic viscosity m2·s−1
𝜈𝑟:	The kinematic rotational viscosity m2·s−1
𝜌:	Fluid density kg·m−3
𝜌∞:	Fluid density far away from the surface kg·m−3
𝜎:	The electrical conductivity of the fluid s·m−1
𝜎∗:	The Stefan-Boltzmann constant W·m−2·K−4
𝜔∗:	Angular velocity components m·s−1
𝜔:	Dimensionless angular velocity
Δ:	The chemical reaction parameter.