Dynamical System Analysis of Thermal Convection in a Horizontal Layer of Nanofluids Heated from Below

Table 3

Values of 𝑅 where 𝜎₂,  𝜎₃ become equal and complex conjugates and when the loss of stability occurred.

	𝑅 (𝜎2,  𝜎3 equal)	𝑅
	(complex conjugate)	(loss of stability occurred)
Vadasz	1.35	24.737
Ag	1.825	37.503
Cu	1.845	36.305
Al2O3	1.87	34.490
TiO2	1.83	33.800