A Parameterization Technique for the Continuation Power Flow Developed from the Analysis of Power Flow Curves

Figure 2

IEEE 118-bus system: (a) effect of limits on the P-V curves, (b) total real power losses (𝑃𝑎) as function of loading factor (𝜆), that is, 𝜆-𝑃𝑎 curve, (c) normalized determinants, (d) voltage magnitudes at critical bus (9) and at PV buses (4, 8, and 15), (e) reactive powers generated by the PV buses, (f) voltage magnitudes at tap controlled buses, (g) transformers taps variations.