A 3D Direct Vehicle-Pavement Coupling Dynamic Model and Its Application on Analysis of Asphalt Pavement Dynamic Response

Table 1

Pavement structure and material properties.

Layer	Thickness (cm)	Compressive modulus (MPa)	Dynamic modulus (MPa)	Poison’s ratio
Asphalt course	15	1200	3000	0.35
Base	34	2000	5000	0.2
Subbase	20	1000	2500	0.3
Subgrade	200	80	80	0.4
Natural soil	—	80	80	—