Abstract
The problem of steady boundary layer flow past a stretching wedge with the velocity in a nanofluid and with a parallel free stream velocity is numerically studied. It is assumed that at the stretching surface the temperature and the nanoparticle fraction take the constant values and , respectively. The ambient values (inviscid fluid) of and are denoted by and , respectively. The boundary layer governing partial differential equations of mass, momentum, thermal energy, and nanoparticles recently proposed by Kuznetsov and Nield (2006, 2009), are reduced to ordinary differential equations along with the corresponding boundary conditions. These equations are solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference method for some values of the governing parameters, such as , , , , , and , which are the measure of the pressure gradient, moving parameter, Prandtl number, Lewis number, the Brownian motion parameter, and the thermophoresis parameter, respectively.
1. Introduction
Historically, the steady laminar flow past a fixed wedge was first analyzed by Falkner and Skan [1] to illustrate the application of Prandtl’s boundary layer theory. With a similarity transformation, the boundary layer equations are reduced to an ordinary differential equation, which is well known as the Falkner-Skan equation. This equation includes nonuniform flow, that is, outer flows which, when evaluated at the wall, takes the form , where is the coordinate measured along the wedge wall and >0, and are constants. There is a large body of literature on the solutions of Falkner-Skan equation, see Hartree [2], Stewartson [3], Chen and Libby [4], Rajagopal et al. [5], Botta et al. [6], Brodie and Banks [7], Heeg et al. [8], Zaturska and Banks [9], Kuo [10], Pantokratoras [11], and so forth. Liao [12] has developed an analytical technique, named homotopy analysis method (HAM), and presented a uniformly valid analytic solution of Falkner-Skan equation for the wedge parameter in the range . This solution has been extended by Abbasbandy and Hayat [13] by including the magnetic effects. Also, there are some very recently published papers on this problem by Liu and Chang [14], Fang and Zhang [15], and Pal and Mondal [16]. A very good list of references on this problem can be found in the recent papers by Harris et al. [17–19]. The flows predicted by the Falkner-Skan solutions are naturally assumed to be described adequately by the boundary layer equations which are parabolic in character. However, the use of the similarity method of solution cannot take account of the “initial” condition in general and so the resulting solutions are assumed to be valid, if at all, in some asymptotic sense (see Banks [20]). This is the case for the Falkner-Skan flows that has been shown rigorously by Serrin [21] for . However, all these papers are for the Falkner-Skan boundary layer flow over a fixed wedge placed in a moving fluid. In a very interesting paper, Riley and Weidman [22] and Ishak et al. [23] have studied multiple solutions of the Falkner-Skan equation for flow past a stretching boundary when the external velocity and the boundary velocity are each proportional to the same power law of the downstream distance. Boundary layer behavior over a moving continuous solid surface is an important type of flow occurring in several engineering processes. For example, the thermal processing of sheet-like materials is a necessary operation in the production of paper, linoleum, polymeric sheets, wire drawing, drawing of plastic films, metal spinning, roofing shingles, insulating materials, and fine-fiber Matts.
The aim of the present paper is to extend the papers by Riley and Weidman [22] and Ishak et al. [23] to the case when the wedge moves in a nanofluid. Enhancement of heat transfer is essential in improving performances and compactness of electronic devices. Usual cooling agents (water, oil, etc.) have relatively small thermal conductivities, and therefore heat transfer is not very efficient. Thus, to augment thermal characteristics very small size particles (nanoparticles) were added to fluids forming the so-called nanofluids. These suspensions of nanoparticles in fluids have physical and chemical properties depending on the concentration and the shape of particles. It was discovered that a small fraction of nanoparticles added in a base fluid leads to a large increase of the fluid thermal conductivity. The chaotic movement of the nanoparticles and sleeping between the fine particles and fluid generates the thermal dispersion effect, and this leads to an increase in the energy exchange rates in fluid. Based on the fact that for small size suspended particles (smaller than 100 nm) nanofluids behave more like a fluid than a fluid-solid mixture. Xuan and Roetzel [24] proposed a thermal dispersion model for a single-phase nanofluid. Kuznetsov and Nield [25] extended the classical boundary layer analysis of forced convection over a wedge with an attached porous substrate. In another two papers, Nield and Kuznetsov [26–28] extended the classical Cheng and Minkowycz [29] problem of boundary layer flow over a vertical flat plate in a porous medium saturated by a nanofluid and also the problem of double-diffusive natural convective boundary layer flow in a porous medium saturated by a nanofluid, presenting similarity solutions. Kuznetsov and Nield [30] extended also the Pohlhausen-Kuiken-Bejan problem to the case of a binary nanofluid using Buongiorno model and presented a similarity solution. Also, there are several very good recently published papers on nanofluids, for example, papers by Narayana and Sibanda [31] and Kameswaran et al. [32, 33]. However, the broad range of current and future applications of nanofluids is discussed in the review article by Woong and Leon [34], which includes automotive, electronics, biomedical, and heat transfer applications, besides other applications such as nanofluid detergent. In a recent review article by Saidur et al. [35], the authors also presented some applications of nanofluids in industrial, commercial, residential, and transportation sectors based on the available literatures. Recent critical reviews of the state-of-the-art of nanofluids research for heat transfer application were conducted by Mahian et al. [36] and Behar et al. [37].
In the present paper, the thermal dispersion model is similar with that proposed by Nield and Kuznetsov [28] and Kuznetsov and Nield [30]. The mentioned literature survey indicates that there is no study on the boundary layer flow past a wedge in a nanofluid. It is worth mentioning to this end that nanotechnology has been widely used in the industry since materials with sizes of nanometers possess unique physical and chemical properties.
2. Problem Formulation and Basic Equations
We consider the boundary layer flow past an impermeable stretching wedge moving with the velocity in a nanofluid, and the free stream velocity is , where is the coordinate measured along the surface of the wedge as shown in Figure 1. It should be noted that the case of corresponds to a stretching wedge surface and corresponds to a contracting wedge surface, respectively. It is assumed that at the stretching surface, the temperature and the nanoparticle fraction take constant values and , respectively. The ambient values, attained as tends to infinity, of and are denoted by and , respectively. Under these assumptions, it can be shown that the steady boundary layer equations of mass, momentum, thermal energy, and nanoparticles for nanofluids can be written in Cartesian coordinates and as, see Nield and Kuznetsov [28], and Kuznetsov and Nield [30], subject to the boundary conditions Here and are velocity components along the axes and , respectively, is the thermal diffusivity, is the kinematic viscosity, is the Brownian diffusion coefficient, is the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient and with being the density, is volumetric volume expansion coefficient, and is the density of the particles.
In order to get similarity solutions of (1)–(5), we assume that and have the following form: where , , and () are positive constants. Therefore, the constant moving parameter in (6) is defined as , so that corresponds to a stretching wedge, corresponds to a contracting wedge, and corresponds to a fixed wedge, respectively. Thus, we look for a similarity solution of (1)–(4) with the boundary conditions (5) of the following form: where the stream function is defined in the usual way as and . On substituting (7) into (2)–(4), we obtain the following ordinary differential equations: subject to the boundary conditions where primes denote differentiation with respect to , and the five parameters are defined by Here , , , , and are the measure of the pressure gradient, Prandtl number, Lewis number, the Brownian motion, and the thermophoresis parameters, respectively. It is important to note that this boundary value problem reduces to the classical Falkner-Skan’s [1] problem of the boundary layer flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid past a fixed wedge, when , , and are all zero in (9) and (10).
2.1. Numerical Method
Equations (8)–(10) with boundary conditions (11) are solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme known as the Keller-box method, as described by Cebeci and Bradshaw [43, 44]. In this method, (8)–(10) are reduced to first-order equations, and using central differences, the algebraic equations are obtained. These equations are then linearized by Newton’s method. The linear equations are then solved using block-tridiagonal elimination technique. The boundary conditions for are replaced by , , , where . The step size is taken as , and the convergence criteria is set to .
3. Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows the comparison of the values of for several values of when with those reported by [38–40]. On the other hand, Table 2 compares the values of obtained from (8) and (9) for and several values of when with those of [41, 42]. It is seen from these tables that the results are in very good agreement. Therefore, we are deeply confident that the present numerical results are correct and very accurate.
The effect of the wedge parameter on the dimensionless velocity is shown in Figure 2(a) for stretching wedge and in Figure 2(b) for shrinking wedge. It is observed that the dimensionless velocity at the surface increases/decreases with stretching/shrinking parameters. This is just due to increase/decrease in the stretching/shrinking velocities. In both cases, the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness decreases with increasing wedge parameter . The effects of Prandtl numbers on the dimensionless temperature are shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b) for shrinking and stretching wedge, respectively. The Prandtl number is defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. When , both momentum and thermal diffusivities are comparable, but when , the momentum diffusivity is greater than thermal diffusivity and the thermal boundary layer thickness decreases with increasing Prandtl number. This can be observed in both cases. The effects of nanofluid parameters on the dimensionless temperature are illustrated in Figures 4(a) and 4(b) for two different values of the wedge parameter. Within the thermal boundary layer, the dimensionless temperature increases with both Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters when the wedge is shrinking. No appreciable effect of nanofluid and wedge parameters on the thermal boundary layer thickness could be found.
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Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show the variation of the dimensionless nanoparticle volume fraction with Lewis numbers for different values of wedge parameter when the wedge is fixed. It can be seen that the thickness of concentration boundary layer decreases with increasing Lewis number and wedge parameter in both cases. Inside the concentration boundary layer, the dimensionless nanoparticle volume fraction is higher for the horizontal flat plate. The effects of nanofluid parameters on dimensionless nanoparticle volume fraction are depicted in Figures 6(a) and 6(b) for shrinking/stretching wedge. In both cases, the concentration boundary layer thickness decreases with increasing Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters.
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4. Conclusions
Steady boundary layer flow past a moving wedge in a water-based nanofluid is studied numerically using an implicit finite-difference method for several values of the parameters , , , , , and . This problem reduces to the classical Falkner-Skan’s [1] problem of the boundary layer flow of a viscous (Newtonian) fluid past a fixed wedge, when , , and are all zero. The effects of all these parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fraction are investigated and presented graphically. It is found that the(i)dimensionless velocity at the surface increases/decreases with stretching/shrinking parameters;(ii)dimensionless temperature increases with both Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank the very competent reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.