Bidirectional Dynamic Diversity Evolutionary Algorithm for Constrained Optimization

Table 4

Comparison of optimal results across Needle-in-a-haystack.

Function	Times	GA	PSO	PL-DDEA	Bi-DDEA
Needle /(1.0𝑒+003)	1	−3.4857	−2.7488	−3.6000	−3.6000
	2	−3.4282	−3.6000	−3.6000	−3.6000
	3	−3.5981	−3.6000	−3.6000	−3.6000
	4	−3.5342	−3.6000	−3.6000	−3.6000
	5	−3.5363	−3.6000	−3.6000	−3.6000
	6	−3.4579	−2.7488	−3.6000	−3.6000
	7	−3.5867	−2.7488	−3.6000	−3.6000
	8	−3.5637	−3.6000	−3.6000	−3.6000
	9	−3.5728	−3.6000	−3.6000	−3.6000
	10	−3.5824	−2.7488	−3.6000	−3.6000
	Mean	−3.5346	−3.2595	−3.6000	−3.6000