Steady Modeling for an Ammonia Synthesis Reactor Based on a Novel CDEAS-LS-SVM Model

Table 4

Global optimum, search ranges, and initialization ranges of the test functions.

𝑓	Dimension	Global optimum ⇀−𝑥	𝑓(⇀−𝑥)	Search range	Target
𝑓1	30	0	0	[−100,100]^𝐷	10^−5
𝑓2		𝜃	0	[−100,100]^𝐷	10^−5
𝑓3		0	0	[−100,100]^𝐷	10^−5
𝑓4		𝜃	0	[−100,100]^𝐷	10^−5
𝑓5		1	1	[−100,100]^𝐷	100
𝑓6		0	0	[−32,32]^𝐷	10^−5
𝑓7		𝜃	0	[−32,32]^𝐷	10^−5
𝑓8		0	0	[−32,32]^𝐷	10^−5
𝑓9		𝜃	0	[−32,32]^𝐷	0.1
𝑓10		0	0	[0,600]^𝐷	0.001
𝑓11		𝜃	0	[−600,600]^𝐷	0.01
𝑓12		0	0	[−5,5]^𝐷	10
𝑓13		𝜃	0	[−5,5]^𝐷	10
𝑓14		0	0	[−5,5]^𝐷	10
𝑓15		𝜃	0	[−5,5]^𝐷	5
𝑓16		418.9829	0	[−500,500]^𝐷	500
𝑓17		0	0	[−100,100]^𝐷	1
𝑓18		0	0	[−10,10]^𝐷	10^−5

𝜃 is the shifted vector.