Abstract
The tracking control of multiagent dynamical systems with exogenous disturbances is studied. A path following algorithm with a time-varying reference state is proposed, and the path tracking of multiagent systems with exogenous disturbance is analyzed. Under the influence of the disturbances, a disturbance observer is developed to estimate the exogenous disturbances. Asymptotical consensus of the multiagent systems with time-varying reference state and exogenous disturbances under the disturbance observers-based control (DOBC) can be achieved for fixed and switching topologies. Finally, by applying an example of multiagent systems with switching topologies and exogenous disturbances, the consensus tracking of multiagent systems with time-varying reference state is reached under the DOBC with the designed parameters.
1. Introduction
Recently, the distributed cooperation problems of multiagent systems have attracted many researchers from a broad range of disciplines including physics, biology, computer science, and control engineering. This is partly because of extensive application in many areas such as collaborative control of mobile robots, unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and automated highway systems [1–10].
Collective behaviors of autonomous individuals have been extensively studied from different application fields. Consensus that a team of agents gradually reaches an agreement on a common reference value by negotiating with their neighbours has attracted more and more attention recently. Based on the neighbour-based swarm model proposed by Vicsek et al. [11], the theoretical frameworks for solving consensus problems for networked distributed dynamic systems were introduced in [3–5]. Further extensions of this work were presented in [6–9, 12–19] with directed information flow in networks. In the current studies of the agent-related problems, leader-following is one of the mainly attended topics [6, 12–14, 20–25]. In practice, multiagent systems typically need distributed sensing and control due to the constraints on, or the confluence of actuation, communication and measurement.
In the current studies, many variables of the leader in multiagent systems are researched. Distributed estimation via observers for multiagent cooperation has been an important topic in the study of agent networks. Peng and Yang studied a leader-following problem for multiagent systems with a time-varying leader and time-varying delays [20]. Hong et al. designed the distributed observers for first-order/second-order multiagent systems where an active leader moves with an unknown sates and velocity [21, 22]. Ren proposed consensus tracking algorithms under a directed information topology and with a time-varying consensus reference state [25]. In [12], Ren extended the results on tracking algorithms to the case with switching interaction topology. Low gain feedback-based distributed consensus protocols were developed in [13]; semiglobal leader-following consensus of linear multiagent systems with input saturation was investigated. In [14], adaptive leader-following consensus control was presented; the consensus of multiagent systems using model reference adaptive control approach was studied.
In this paper, we investigate the path tracking of multiagent systems with time-varying reference state and exogenous disturbances. By viewing the time-varying reference state as virtual leader, all agents eventually move ahead at a desired tracking under a disturbance observer-based control (DOBC). Disturbance observers (DOs) for dynamic systems have been studied and applied in engineering over two decades. With the development of DOs for robot control independently, DOs have been used in many mechanistic dynamic systems including disk drivers, machining centers, dc/ac motors, and manipulators [26–30]. Oh and Chung first improved a disturbance observer in robots using the information of nonlinear inertial coupling dynamics [26]. Wei et al. [28, 29] proposed a DOBC for a class of multiinput-multiple-output nonlinear system subject to disturbances. Guo et al. [27, 30] developed a DOBC for unknown constant and applied it to missile systems.
In this paper, we apply the method of DOBC to stabilize the states of multiagent systems with time-varying reference state and exogenous disturbances; this is the novelty of the paper. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, some preliminaries are briefly outlined. The path tracking of multiagent systems with exogenous disturbances is studied for fixed topologies and switching topologies in Section 3. Design procedure of DOBC for dynamics systems is proposed and the performances of DOBC are shown by computer simulation in Section 4. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 5.
2. Preliminaries
A weighted connected graph of order consists of a set of vertices , a set of edges , and an adjacency matrix with weighted adjacency elements . The node indexes belong to a finite index set . An edge of the weighted diagraph is denoted by indicating that node can influence node and not vice versa. Assume that the adjacency element for ; otherwise, . If for all , the graph is an undirected graph.
The set of neighbors of node is denoted by . Let be a weighted graph without self-loops; that is, , and let matrix be a diagonal matrix with the elements along the diagonal, where is the out-degree of the node . The Laplacian matrix of the weighted graph is defined as .
A directed path is a sequence of edges in a directed graph . There exists a directed path from node to node ; then node is said to be reachable node to node . For any node , if there is a path to every node in digraph , then node is called a globally reachable node in .
A dynamical equation of multiagent systems was considered in [12], where and are the position and velocity control input, respectively, of agent . In order to calculate easily, we suppose . A consensus algorithm for single-integrator dynamics was proposed as where is the entry of the adjacency matrix. With algorithm (2), consensus is achieved by the team of agents if, for all initial state , as , for all .
Lemma 1 (see [12]). Multiagent systems composed of agents with algorithm (1)-(2) can achieve consensus asymptotically if and only if directed graph of agents has a globally reachable node. Specifically, as , where , , and .
3. Consensus Algorithm of Multiagent Systems with Time-Varying Reference State
3.1. Dynamical Networks with Disturbances and Time-Varying Reference State
The moving state of system (1)-(2) is affected by the initialized values of multiagent systems. If the initialized values are set up randomly, the asymptotic state cannot be converged to an expected path based on Lemma 1. Moreover, unmodeled dynamics and parametric variations as well as external disturbances widely exist in practical processes, which will influence the moving track of the systems. In this paper, we suppose the system (1)-(2) with exogenous disturbances and develop a composite controller to bring the moving state of multiple agents to an expected path tracking. The multiagent systems with exogenous disturbance are described by, for all , where and are the control input and external disturbance, respectively. It is supposed that the disturbance , for , is generated by a linear exogenous system where is the internal state of the exogenous system, and are the matrices of the disturbance system, and is observable.
Suppose that we want to stabilize multiagent systems (3) onto an expected reference consensus state defined by where is the velocity function of the reference and is bounded, piecewise continuous in , and locally Lipschitz in .
In this paper, we discuss the path following of the multiagent dynamical systems with disturbances. The objective is to design a DOBC technique such that the expected reference path (5) on the composite controller is achieved asymptotically.
3.2. Consensus Tracking Control for Multiagent Systems without Disturbances
In this subsection, we suppose there is no disturbance or the disturbance is measurable. The tracking consensus of system (3) is studied by designing a controller. In order to realize the expected path consensus of systems (3), some controllers may be designed and applied to the systems.
Here, the controlled system (3) without disturbance can be described by, for all ,
The consensus tracking control is given as where the control gain , for all , and at least there is with . is the control gain to be designed. Let . Based on the method in [21], a distributed observer is developed to compensate the consensus tracking controller in (7).
Lemma 2 (see [12]). Assume the directed graph of agents and one leader with leader as a globally reachable node. Then, the matrix is positively stable, where is the Laplacian matrix of the connected graph of agents.
Lemma 3 (see [31], (Hermite-Biehler Theorem)). Suppose the polynomial
Substituting (where is imaginary unit) into the polynomial yields
Then, the polynomial is Hurwitz stable if and only if the related pair , is interlaced, and .
Theorem 4. Assume that multiagent systems are composed of agents with a globally reachable node, and some globally reachable nodes can receive the information from the reference agent. Then, based on the consensus tracking control (7), the multiagent systems (6) without disturbance can asymptotically reach the consensus reference state, if the control gain satisfies where is the characteristic value of the matrix .
Proof. Let , . Then, the multiagent systems (6) with the control (7) can be rewritten as, for all ,
Let , ; we have
where and . Taking the Laplace transforms of the systems (12) yields
where , is the Laplace transforms of , , respectively. Then, we can obtain the characteristic equation of system (12):
Equation (14) is equivalent to
The characteristic equation can be rewritten as
where is the characteristic value of . Let , where from Lemma 2. Suppose ; let ; we have
where , . It can be obtained easily, . Since the polynomial has two distinct roots,
The polynomial has one root . From Lemma 3, the polynomial is Hurwitz stable if and only if the related pair , is interlaced, and . Then, we present the following inequality:
where . Suppose the Laplacian matrix is symmetric; that is, ; at this time, the above inequality holds. For nonsymmetric Laplacian matrix , we get ; then
Based on Lemma 3, the polynomial is Hurwitz stable if the inequality (20) holds. Therefore, the system (6) is asymptotically stable; that is, . The multiagent systems (6) without disturbance can asymptotically reach the consensus reference state. The proof of Theorem 4 is finished.
Remark 5. Suppose the topology of multiagent systems is symmetrical; the multiagent systems (6) without disturbance can asymptotically reach the consensus reference state for any control gain .
Remark 6. Since the characteristic value , we have . If , the consensus tracking of multiagent systems can be achieved.
3.3. DOBC for Multiagent Systems with Fixed Topologies
It is supposed that the states of the system (3) can be obtained and the disturbance is generated by a linear exogenous system (4). A disturbance observer is proposed to estimate the unknown disturbance in system (3), for all , where is the internal state variable of the observer and and are the estimates of and , respectively. is the observer gain matrix to be designed. can be obtained from (3) satisfying where is a submatrix of obtained by selecting the th row in , and . Let be the estimation error; based on (3), (4), and (21), it is shown that
Then, we can get that the disturbance observers (21) can exponentially track the disturbance from the following Lemma.
Lemma 7. Consider system (3) under the disturbance generated by exogenous system (4). The error system (24) is globally exponentially stable, if there exists gain matrix satisfying where is negative definite.
Proof. Since is observable in (4), there exists gain matrix satisfying .
Theorem 8. Consider multiagent systems (3) with globally reachable nodes and the exogenous disturbances (4). Suppose that some globally reachable nodes can receive the information from the reference tracking; then the multiagent dynamical systems (3) under the tracking controls (7) and the disturbance observers (21) can reach expected path tracking asymptotically, if the control gain of tracking controls (7) satisfies the inequations (10) and the gain matrix of the disturbance observers (21) satisfies the inequations (25).
Proof. Because of the disturbances in the system, the control will depend on the disturbance . Here, we will apply instead of ; the composite controller is designed as
Substituting (26) into system (3) and letting and , respectively, we have
Let , , ; the closed-loop system including the multiagent system (27) and the error dynamics (24) can be obtained as follows:
where , , , is the Kronecker product. Applying the Laplace transforms of the systems (28), respectively, we yield
where , , is the Laplace transforms of , , , respectively. Then, we can obtain the characteristic equation of the systems (28):
where
Equation (30) is equivalent to
Suppose the control gain of tracking controls (7) satisfies the inequations (10) and the gain matrix of the disturbance observers (21) satisfies the inequations (25); the characteristic values of (32) and (33) are negative from Theorem 4 and Lemma 7. Therefore, the system (3) is asymptotically stable with DOBC. Then, we can obtain that the consensus of the multiagent systems (3) can be achieved.
3.4. DOBC for Multiagent Systems with Switching Topologies
Consider system (3) with switching topologies , where is a finite index set and is a switching signal determining the network topology with interconnection. Under arbitrary switching signal, the switching system induced by (3) takes the following form: where and denotes the weighted value between node and node at switching signal . Let be the Laplacian matrix of the switching topology .
Theorem 9. Consider multiagent systems (34) with switching topologies and the disturbance (4). At every time interval, the switching topologies have globally reachable nodes. Suppose that the globally reachable nodes can communicate with the reference agent; then, the multiagent dynamical systems (34) under the tracking controls (7) and the disturbance observers (21) can reach consensus reference tracking asymptotically, if the control gain of tracking controls (7) satisfies the inequations (10) and the gain matrix of the disturbance observers (21) satisfies the inequations (25).
Proof. The proof is similar to that of Theorem 8; we can obtain from (28)
where
and , , .
If the gain matrix of the disturbance observers (21) satisfies the inequations (25), the matrix is negative definite. We can obtain that the error dynamics is asymptotically stable. Similarly, the multiagent dynamical systems (34) without the disturbances under the tracking controls (7) and the disturbance observers (21) can reach consensus reference tracking. Based on the method of DOBC, the results are proved.
4. Example Study
Consider directed connected networks with agents (Figure 1). The weighted values of the graph are given as and Laplacian matrix can be obtained depending on the adjacency matrix of the switching topologies.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Case 1. Suppose that disturbances in multiagent systems do not exist (or there exist measurable disturbances). Let the initial states of agents be generated randomly in , and let the expected reference track be with the initialized value at random. We apply the control (7) with the control gain randomly, where for the graph (a), for the graph (b), for the graph (c), and for the graph (d). We can obtain that the control gain from Theorem 4. The moving states of multiagent systems with the control are plotted in Figure 2. We can see that the reference track is reached asymptotically.
Case 2. Consider the multiagent systems with disturbances. Suppose that the parameters of the exogenous disturbance system (4) are and with initialized value . In Figure 3, the outputs of the multiagent systems with exogenous disturbances are shown.
By applying linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) packages of Matlab solving inequality (25), we can get . The estimation obtained by observer (16) is shown in Figure 4, where the dot line is the estimation of the exogenous disturbance. We can see that the observer exhibits excellent tracking performance. In Figure 5, the moving path of multiagent systems with DOBC is plotted, showing that the reference tracking has been achieved for multiagent systems with the exogenous disturbances under DOBC.
5. Conclusions
The problem of cooperation in a team of unmanned systems with the expected path tracking is considered under the influences of disturbances. A control strategy is designed for the multiagent systems without disturbances, where multiple agents’ states can be controlled to a reference path. Under the effects of the disturbances, disturbance observers are developed by an exogenous system to estimate the disturbances. The disturbance observers are integrated with the controller by replacing the disturbance in the control law with its estimation obtained from the disturbance observer. Furthermore, asymptotical consensus of the multiagent systems with disturbances under the composite controller is achieved.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the National Basic Research Science Program of China (under Grant 2012CB720000, 973 Program), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (under Grants 61273152, 61170161, 61174085, and 61304052), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (under Grant ZR2011FM017), and the Outstanding Young Research Award Fund of Shang Province of China (under Grant BS2013DX005).