Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Research Article

Accurate Fault Classifier and Locator for EHV Transmission Lines Based on Artificial Neural Networks

Table 7

The effect of the fault type and the location of modular ANN-based fault locators (FL₁, FL₂, and FL₃).


Fault type	Fault location (Km)	Fault inception angle (°)	Fault resistance ()	Output of ANN-based FL₁ (Km)	Output of ANN-based FL₂ (Km)	Output of ANN-based FL₃ (Km)	Percentage error of ANN-based FL₁ (%)	Percentage error of ANN-based FL₂ (%)	Percentage error of ANN-based FL₃ (%)

Single line to ground faults (-g)	07	325	26	06.8971	07.1137	07.0196	0.1029	0.1137	0.0196
	13	125	130	13.4461	12.5841	12.7410	0.4461	0.4159	0.2590
	23	145	2.6	22.6988	23.3415	22.8875	0.3012	0.3415	0.1125
	34	275	195	35.2511	35.1286	34.2173	1.2511	1.1286	0.2173
	47	5	120	46.1081	47.4954	47.2511	0.8919	0.4954	0.2511
	58	25	95	57.0910	58.3599	58.1271	0.9090	0.3599	0.1271
	66	215	122	67.1241	66.9714	66.2791	1.1241	0.9714	0.2791
	75	10	53	75.6487	74.4259	74.8118	0.6487	0.5741	0.1882
	83	40	144	82.1475	81.9471	82.8334	0.8525	1.0529	0.1666
	96	135	125	94.5401	97.0778	95.7126	1.4599	1.0778	0.2874

Double line to ground faults (--g)	09	25	10	10.1712	09.1783	9.0708	0.1712	0.1783	0.0708
	14	55	2.6	13.8277	13.8054	13.9271	0.1723	0.1946	0.0729
	26	125	190	24.9810	24.7138	25.7297	1.0190	1.2862	0.2703
	38	225	70	38.5714	38.4293	38.1866	0.5714	0.4293	0.1866
	44	315	95	44.9141	44.9785	44.2317	0.9141	0.9785	0.2317
	52	360	55	52.7129	52.6129	52.1711	0.7129	0.6129	0.1711
	63	120	170	62.1259	64.0709	62.7199	0.8741	1.0709	0.2801
	78	90	99	78.8012	77.0878	78.1531	0.8012	0.9122	0.1531
	88	120	65	88.1150	86.8019	87.8914	1.1150	1.1981	0.1086
	92	75	120	92.9908	93.1599	92.1705	0.9908	1.1599	0.1705

Line to line faults (-)	06	325	—	06.2371	05.8914	05.9825	0.2371	0.1086	0.0175
	16	125	—	16.1099	16.2514	16.0180	0.1099	0.2514	0.0180
	22	145	—	22.4147	21.9471	22.3041	0.4147	0.0529	0.3041
	31	275	—	31.1945	34.1286	30.9197	0.1945	0.1286	0.0803
	45	5	—	45.3274	45.2748	45.0923	0.3274	0.2748	0.0923
	54	25	—	54.2998	55.0074	54.1359	0.2998	1.0074	0.1359
	67	215	—	67.1929	67.2387	66.8147	0.1929	0.2387	0.1853
	77	10	—	77.4128	76.7035	76.8041	0.4128	0.2965	0.1959
	82	40	—	82.4511	82.6326	81.9033	0.4511	0.6326	0.0967
	90	135	—	90.7080	92.8615	90.2734	0.7080	0.8615	0.2734

Three -line faults (--)	05	25	—	05.1288	05.1431	04.9212	0.1288	0.1431	0.0788
	12	55	—	12.1007	12.2041	12.0704	0.1007	0.2041	0.0704
	23	125	—	23.2051	22.7733	23.1097	0.2051	0.2267	0.1097
	36	225	—	35.8134	35.2010	36.0914	0.1866	0.7990	0.0914
	42	315	—	42.1275	41.7187	42.0868	0.1275	0.2813	0.0868
	57	360	—	57.3488	57.4009	56.8003	0.3488	0.4009	0.1977
	66	120	—	66.2914	65.2799	66.1277	0.2914	0.7201	0.1277
	74	90	—	73.6811	75.0719	73.8384	0.3189	1.0719	0.1616
	83	120	—	82.4087	83.6729	82.7337	0.5913	0.6729	0.2663
	94	75	—	95.9971	94.9129	94.2053	0.9971	0.9129	0.2053