Direct Numerical Simulation of Particle-Laden Swirling Flows on Turbulence Modulation

Figure 6

The invariants: (a) 𝐼₁ for different Stokes numbers when 𝑚_𝑙=0.015 at 𝑥/𝑑=2; (b) 𝐼₂ for different Stokes numbers when 𝑚_𝑙=0.125 at 𝑥/𝑑=3; (c) 𝐼₃ for different Stokes numbers when 𝑚_𝑙=0.252 at 𝑥/𝑑=4.

(a)

(b)

(c)