Hybrid Soft Computing Schemes for the Prediction of Import Demand of Crude Oil in Taiwan

Table 6

Improvement of the proposed models in comparison with the single stage models.

Models	MAPE (%)	RMSE (%)	MAD (%)
Proposed hybrid; MRSEL-ANN model
ANN	53.43	39.71	52.89
SVR	67.26	56.55	67.80
MRSEL	37.87	29.63	37.68
ELM	28.23	21.56	26.14
Proposed hybrid; MRSEL-SVR model
ANN	40.15	36.78	37.75
SVR	57.92	54.44	57.46
MRSEL	20.15	26.21	17.67
ELM	7.76	17.75	2.42
Proposed hybrid; MRSEL-ELM model
ANN	54.76	48.56	55.38
SVR	68.19	62.93	69.51
MRSEL	39.64	39.96	40.98
ELM	30.27	33.08	30.05