Optimal Control of Diesel Engines: Numerical Methods, Applications, and Experimental Validation

Figure 4

The full WHTC (top), with the individual test cases used in this paper indicated by the shaded areas. The test cycles are shown in the middle and bottom plots, scaled for engine A. Here, the shaded areas indicate drag phases. Test cycles 2 and 4 are contained within cycle 7. The detailed plot of test cycle 8, scaled for engine B, is provided in the left-hand plot in Figure 11.