An Improved Quantum-Inspired Genetic Algorithm for Image Multilevel Thresholding Segmentation

Table 6

Comparison of the value of mean and variance with C = 2, 3, 4.

Image	𝐶	GA		QGA		IQGA		PSO
		Mean	Var.	Mean	Var.	Mean	Var.	Mean	Var.
Cameraman	2	12.1141	1.1630𝑒−02	12.1513	2.0682𝑒−03	12.1684	𝟏.𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟑𝐞−𝟕	12.1214	1.1307𝑒−02
	3	15.0477	3.8718𝑒−02	15.1642	1.1989𝑒−03	15.2254	𝟏.𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟏𝐞−𝟓	15.0725	2.1288𝑒−02
	4	18.1732	5.3940𝑒−02	18.2751	1.1967𝑒−02	18.3881	𝟐.𝟗𝟑𝟖𝟖𝐞−𝟓	18.2372	3.9943𝑒−02
Hunter	2	12.5949	5.4531𝑒−03	12.6115	5.8455𝑒−04	12.6355	𝟏.𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟖𝐞−𝟕	12.6019	4.3691𝑒−03
	3	15.6759	1.6188𝑒−02	15.7445	1.2617𝑒−03	15.8088	𝟗.𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝐞−𝟔	15.7206	1.8004𝑒−02
	4	18.5733	1.4035𝑒−02	18.5996	4.7036𝑒−03	18.7372	𝟕.𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟗𝐞−𝟓	18.5823	9.9633𝑒−03
Baboon	2	12.1810	7.7419𝑒−04	12.2109	4.2185𝑒−05	12.2165	𝟐.𝟗𝟒𝟔𝟒𝐞−𝟖	12.1907	5.9346𝑒−04
	3	15.2305	2.8331𝑒−03	15.2550	5.4095𝑒−04	15.2785	𝟐.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟕𝐞−𝟔	15.2394	2.8012𝑒−03
	4	17.9545	2.6872𝑒−02	18.0479	4.8961𝑒−03	18.1219	𝟐.𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟔𝐞−𝟓	17.8392	2.9964𝑒−02
Scene	2	12.5163	1.7481𝑒−05	12.5214	1.7481𝑒−05	12.5252	𝟐.𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟑𝐞−𝟖	12.5170	1.6997𝑒−05
	3	15.4991	5.0432𝑒−03	15.4989	1.8712𝑒−03	15.5629	𝟓.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟕𝐞−𝟓	15.4889	4.3875𝑒−03
	4	18.2521	1.0527𝑒−02	18.2742	3.3150𝑒−03	18.3587	𝟏.𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟓𝐞−𝟒	18.2604	9.4887𝑒−03
Tree	2	12.1499	1.1541𝑒−03	12.1644	6.4341𝑒−06	12.1674	𝟑.𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟔𝐞−𝟖	12.1532	7.8016𝑒−04
	3	15.2076	1.8796𝑒−02	15.2626	2.3912𝑒−03	15.3252	𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟔𝐞−𝟔	15.2360	1.3356𝑒−02
	4	17.8916	1.0394𝑒−02	17.9567	2.9546𝑒−03	18.0293	𝟒.𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟏𝐞−𝟔	17.9001	1.0041𝑒−02
F16	2	12.1925	5.9577𝑒−04	12.2027	5.0603𝑒−05	12.2113	𝟏.𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟑𝐞−𝟕	12.1977	3.6732𝑒−04
	3	15.3711	1.9190𝑒−02	15.4379	2.1738𝑒−03	15.5019	𝟑.𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟗𝐞−𝟔	15.4136	2.0084𝑒−03
	4	18.2093	5.3186𝑒−03	18.2459	2.1708𝑒−03	18.3039	𝟔.𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟒𝐞−𝟓	18.2209	4.3377𝑒−03
Lena	2	12.3411	1.1129𝑒−04	12.3352	1.0222𝑒−04	12.3467	𝟏.𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟕𝐞−𝟎𝟔	12.3397	1.0966𝑒−04
	3	15.2064	1.5275𝑒−03	15.2950	3.5576𝑒−04	15.3166	𝟑.𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟐𝐞−𝟎𝟔	15.2399	1.0054𝑒−03
	4	17.9582	3.6579𝑒−02	17.8461	1.4690𝑒−02	17.9949	𝟐.𝟕𝟒𝟏𝟒𝐞−𝟎𝟒	17.8327	2.1767𝑒−02
Peppers	2	12.5311	1.2613𝑒−03	12.5410	5.4765𝑒−04	12.5521	𝟑.𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟔𝐞−𝟎𝟔	12.5395	9.0061𝑒−04
	3	15.7133	1.2829𝑒−02	15.7728	2.3938𝑒−03	15.8259	𝟓.𝟖𝟗𝟒𝟏𝐞−𝟎𝟓	15.7420	1.0766𝑒−02
	4	18. 5535	1.3629𝑒−02	18. 5664	1.2948𝑒−02	18.7338	𝟏.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝐞−𝟎𝟒	18. 5591	1.3310𝑒−02