Improving the Bin Packing Heuristic through Grammatical Evolution Based on Swarm Intelligence

Figure 1

An example of a transformation from genotype to phenotype using a BNF Grammar. It begins with the start symbol, if the production rule for this symbol is only one rule, then the production rule replaces the start symbol, and the process begins choosing the production rules based on the current genotype. It takes each genotype and the nonterminal symbol from the left to perform the next production using (1) until all the genotypes are mapped or there are not more nonterminals in the phenotype.