A Plant Propagation Algorithm for Constrained Engineering Optimisation Problems

Table 1

Parameters used in PPA for seven engineering problems.

Problem	Population size	Maximum iteration	𝑃𝑚	Max function evaluations	Number of runners	Runs
Welded beam	40	20	0.8	30000	3	100
Pressure vessel	40	20	0.8	30000	3	100
Spring design	40	25	0.8	30000	3	100
Speed reducer	40	20	0.8	30000	3	100
Constrained Problem I	40	20	0.8	24000	3	100
Constrained Problem II	40	20	0.8	24000	3	100
Himmelblau's function	40	25	0.8	30000	3	100