Damage Identification of Bridge Based on Modal Flexibility and Neural Network Improved by Particle Swarm Optimization

Table 6

Damage identification using BP network.

Damage category	Single damage location	Multiple damage locations
Expected outputs; (%)	7	7, 7
	12	12, 12
	18	18, 18
Actual results; (%)	7.28	7.84, 7.79
	12.38	11.13, 12.89
	17.59	16.83, 16.98
Relative errors; (%)	4.00	12.00, 11.29
	3.17	7.25, 7.42
	2.28	6.50, 5.67