Optimization of Hybrid Hub-and-Spoke Network Operation for Less-Than-Truckload Freight Transportation considering Incremental Quantity Discount

Table 1

Hubs and nonhub nodes.

Hubs	Nonhub nodes
Beijing (BJ)	Tianjin (TJ), Shijiazhuang (SJZ), Jinan (JN), Harbin (HEB), Changchun (CC), and Shenyang (SY)
Zhengzhou (ZZ)	Taiyuan (TY) and Xi’an (XA)
Wuhan (WH)	Changsha (CS)
Guangzhou (GZ)	Chengdu (CD)
Shanghai (SH)	Nanjing (NJ), Hangzhou (HZ), and Fuzhou (FZ)