BIM Application to Select Appropriate Design Alternative with Consideration of LCA and LCCA

Table 3

LCA and LCCA results for each alternative.

Building skin system				Original skin	Alt. 1	Alt. 2
LCA results; (kg)	CO2 emission in; construction phase	Manufacturing	Aluminum frame	839,987	750,011	839,987
			Glass	100,432	39,121	104,346
			Cement brick	—	21,391	—
			Mortar		16,873
			Polystyrene		826
			Concrete	—	13,231	—
			Argon	—	—	453
		Construction		940,419	841,453	944,786
	CO2 emission in; operation phase	Energy consumption	One year (kg/yr)	668,310	675,572	659,745
			40 years (kg)	26,732,400	27,022,880	26,389,800
	CO2 emission in; disposal phase	Disposal (kg)		21	104	22
	Total amount of CO2 emission			27,672,400 (kg)	27,864,438 (kg)	26,389,800 (kg)
LCCA results; (US $)	Construction phase	Initial investment costs		191,220	196,924	223,988
	Operation phase	Replacement and maintenance costs		136,765	132,938	160,201
		Energy costs		8,204,352	8,359,094	7,935,464
	Disposal phase	Disposal costs		9,565	14,507	10,154
	Total amount costs			$8,541,902	$8,703,462	$8,329,808