Abstract
An adaptive global sliding mode control (AGSMC) using RBF neural network (RBFNN) is proposed for the system identification and tracking control of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) gyroscope. Firstly, a new kind of adaptive identification method based on the global sliding mode controller is designed to update and estimate angular velocity and other system parameters of MEMS gyroscope online. Moreover, the output of adaptive neural network control is used to adjust the switch gain of sliding mode control dynamically to approach the upper bound of unknown disturbances. In this way, the switch item of sliding mode control can be converted to the output of continuous neural network which can weaken the chattering in the sliding mode control in contrast to the conventional fixed gain sliding mode control. Simulation results show that the designed control system can get satisfactory tracking performance and effective estimation of unknown parameters of MEMS gyroscope.
1. Introduction
MEMS gyroscope is a sensor which has many advantages such as small size, low price, and low energy consumption. So it has a promising application potential in many fields, widely used not only in aviation, aerospace, and marine but also in weapons, cars, robots, and so on owing to its remarkable features. However, MEMS gyroscope also has some disadvantages on the other hand. As a matter of fact, small manufacture error always exists because of the limitations of the design principle and the machining accuracy. In the recent years, many advanced control approaches have been proposed to resolve a series of shortcomings and make MEMS gyroscope have a better performance. For instance, Batur et al. [1] introduced a sliding mode control with force balanced and adaptive method for MEMS gyroscope. Leland [2] proposed a Lyapunov based adaptive control for a MEMS gyroscope. Fei et al. [3] presented a scheme of using adaptive sliding mode robust tracking control for triaxial angular velocity sensors. Sung et al. [4] developed the control of MEMS gyroscope through phase-domain analysis and design. John and Vinay [5] proposed a controlled single mass triaxial angular rate sensor.
Global sliding mode control has been vastly applied into practice since it can ensure the robustness and speed ability of the system and eliminate the reaching time of sliding mode surface. Liu et al. [6] realized application of global sliding mode control in chaotic systems. Efimov and Fridman [7] presented a global sliding mode observer for locally Lipschitz systems with adjusted gains. Chu and Fei [8] proposed a global sliding mode control of MEMS gyroscope using neural network to improve the robustness of the system and reduce chattering.
Adaptive sliding mode control is an important way since it has numerous highlighted features like estimation of the unknown system parameters. On account of uncertainties and disturbances in reality, some intelligent control methods such as fuzzy control and neural network have been applied to various kinds of nonlinear systems more and more. Rastovic [9] presented some compensators for contractive systems. Zhang [10] derived a discrete adaptive sliding mode controller for a class of nonlinear systems by wavelet network. Lin and Li [11] designed an adaptive dynamic fuzzy sliding mode CMAC using asymmetric Gaussian function for voice coil motor. Fei and Ding [12] developed an adaptive sliding mode control for dynamic system using RBF neural network. Rastovic [13] proposed an adaptive recurrent neural networks synchronization of H-mode and edge localized modes that is important for obtaining a long-pulse tokamak without disruption regime. Fei and Zhou [14] introduced an adaptive fuzzy compensator for MEMS gyroscope. Lin and Chen [15] employed adaptive hybrid type 2 intelligent sliding mode control for uncertain nonlinear multivariable dynamical systems. Oong and Isa [16] proposed an adaptive neural network which is evolutionary for pattern classification. Zhang and Ge [17] used an adaptive tracking control of MIMO nonlinear systems based on neural network with unknown control directions and dead zones. Zhao et al. [18] presented a method of consensus control using neural networks for multiple robotic manipulators. An adaptive neural network control is designed for small rotary-wing unmanned aircraft by Lei and Lu [19]. Zou et al. [20] used terminal sliding mode and Chebyshev neural network finite-time attitude tracking control for spacecraft. Lou and Cui [21] utilized a robust adaptive synchronization control based on chaotic neural networks by slide technique. Chen [22] derived a robust adaptive control with structure neural-fuzzy network for robot manipulators.
We develop a scheme of adaptive global sliding mode control using neural network in this paper. For one thing, global sliding mode control guarantees the stability and robustness of the system and has a faster control effect compared to sliding mode control. Adaptive global sliding mode control can adjust and estimate the angular velocity and other parameters online. For another thing, neural network is good at estimating the upper bound of uncertainties and disturbances and decreasing chattering for MEMS gyroscope. The combination of adaptive global sliding mode and RBF neural networks for gyroscope plays their advantages separately to improve the performance of the system. The proposed strategy has the following advantages.
(1) The transient characteristics and robustness of the sliding mode control system can be improved by selecting suitable sliding coefficient. And it also makes the closed-loop control system have a global robustness with resolving the contradiction between transient performance and robustness. An RBF neural network is used to adaptively approximate the unknown upper bound of disturbance to eliminate the chattering effectively.
(2) The global sliding mode control, adaptive control, and the nonlinear approximation of neural network control are successfully integrated to control the MEMS gyroscope. Compared with global sliding mode control, adaptive global sliding mode control based on neural network can not only make the system reach the sliding surface more quickly but also eliminate the chattering that exists during the sliding control.
This paper can be arranged as follows. We establish mathematical model of gyroscope in Section 2. In Section 3, an adaptive global sliding mode control approach is presented to estimate the unknown parameters of the system. Furthermore, adaptive global sliding mode control using neural networks is utilized to approach the upper bound of system uncertainties and disturbances in Section 4. At the same time the chattering of the control input can also be reduced. Section 5 shows the satisfactory simulation results. Conclusions are given in the last section.
2. Mathematical Model of MEMS Gyroscope
This part introduces the mathematical model of microvibration gyroscope. The simplified model of MEMS gyroscope is shown in Figure 1. It is a mass-spring-damper system. Gyroscope can be simplified to a damped oscillation system composed of a mass and spring. We decompose the movement into two directions and ignore the linear acceleration of the framework of gyroscope. Then we can get the vibratory equation as follows:where the mass of the mass block is ; the damping constants are and spring constants are ; coupling elastic coefficient and damping coefficient caused by the manufacturing error are ; control inputs of the axles are ; the mechanical noise and disturbances in the environment are . is angular velocity in the direction.
Nondimensional trajectory can be replaced by and nondimensional time can also be replaced by . (1) can be divided by the square of the resonant frequency, the mass, and the reference length at the same time on both sides. We get dimensionless vector form of dynamic equation of MEMS gyroscope as follows:whereWe replace with with with with with with , so the final form of the dimensionless equation may be described aswhere is trajectory of MEMS gyroscope and is control input.
3. Adaptive Global Sliding Mode Control
In this section, when the external disturbances and parameter uncertainties are taken into account, we proposed an adaptive global sliding mode control method to estimate the angular velocity and other parameters of MEMS gyroscopes.
Rewriting (4) in state-space equation, we obtain where Because the ideal dynamic characteristic of MEMS gyroscope is a kind of no energy loss and there is no unstable sinusoidal oscillation which is dynamic coupling between the two axes, it can be described as , .
We define the reference model a: , where .
The state-space expression iswhereConsidering the system with parameter uncertainties and external disturbances, we convert (5) into where is lumped parameter uncertainties and external disturbances.
We make the following assumptions.
Assumption 1. There exists known positive constant to make the lumped parameter uncertainties and external disturbances meet the upper bound condition:
Assumption 2. There always exists which is a constant matrix to satisfy the equation .
Then we can getDefine the tracking error:And its derivative isDefine global sliding surface aswhere is sliding coefficient and is a function that is specially designed for reaching the global sliding surface, satisfying the following three conditions:(1);(2)if ;(3) has a first derivative.
where is an initial value of the tracking error.
Therefore we can design as , where is a constant.
We define ; then (14) becomes .
The derivative of isSet to solve the equivalent control asOn account of unknown parameters of , so is unknown. Therefore, we can replace by its estimate value . The system may be adjusted adaptively to identify the unknown parameters.
Design the following adaptive control law:where is the estimate value of and switching gain is used to compensate for uncertain items to ensure that the sliding mode existence conditions are met.
Hence, (15) can be transformed into where is the estimation error.
Define a Lyapunov function candidate:where , is a positive definite matrix, and is the trace of .
Then the derivative of (19) becomesThe sum of the first two items in (20) should be equal to zero to meet . As a result, we choose the following adaptive law:Substituting in (21) into (20), we obtainwhere and is a positive constant.
Because is unknown, is difficult to be confirmed. It may not be enough to eliminate the influence of the uncertainties and cause instability of the system if is too small. It may also cause large chattering if is too large. In order to solve such problem, adaptive global sliding mode control using neural network is proposed further based on parameter identification. Switching gain in the switch item of sliding mode control is estimated continuously and effectively to reduce the chattering.
4. Adaptive Global Sliding Mode Control Using Neural Network
We adopt adaptive neural system to approach the switching gain as shown in Figure 2. We suppose that the upper bound of lumped system uncertainties and external disturbances is . We should make use of RBF neural network to study the upper bound adaptively owing to the unknown . The estimate value of is . The structure of RBF neural network is shown in Figure 3, where and are the input and output of neural network, respectively; the estimated weights vector is ; the weights vectors are . are Gaussian functions.
We make the following assumptions.
Assumption 3. The weights of neural network satisfy
Assumption 4. The upper bound meetsDesign the adaptive controller with RBF neural network as Then the dynamics of sliding surface becomeDefine a Lyapunov function candidate:where , , , is a positive definite matrix, and is the trace of .
The derivative of (27) isSubstituting the parameter adaptive laws (21) into (28) yieldsTo make , we choose the adaptive law asThen (29) becomes is negative and semidefinite ensuring that , , and are all bounded. is also bounded. Inequality (31) implies that is integrable as ; it can be concluded that is bounded. Since is bounded and is also bounded, according to Barbalat lemma, will asymptotically converge to zero and , also converges to zero asymptotically.
5. Simulation Study
To prove the effectiveness of adaptive global sliding mode control using neural network, simulation study is implemented and demonstrated. The following parameters are selected:Suppose the angular velocity is rad/s; we get the following parameters after dimensionless procedure:The ideal trajectories of two axes are .
The uncertainty and disturbance can be adopted as .
Choosing , , and , truth values of areSliding mode parameter is , the adaptive gain is , and the fixed gain in traditional sliding mode control is .
The position tracking of two axes using adaptive global sliding neural control is shown in Figure 4. We can find that the real trajectory can track the reference trajectory well in the presence of lumped parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. Moreover, the actual trajectory coincides exactly with the desired one in about 3 minutes, illustrating that the tracking performance is at a preferable state of the AGSMCNN system.
Figure 5 compares tracking errors between adaptive global sliding mode control using neural network and adaptive sliding mode control using neural network. The tracking errors converge to zero more quickly and smoothly using adaptive global sliding mode control, which proves that the former method can achieve better tracking results. From it, we can conclude that global sliding mode control is prior to sliding mode control which should be seen via its good points such as fast speed and strong global robustness.
The dynamic global sliding mode surface is shown in Figure 6 which demonstrates that the sliding surfaces reach to zero asymptotically fast. It indicates that in such a short period of time the system gets to the switch surface and slides along the sliding surface, proving its effectiveness again. Figure 7 shows how the adaptive parameter changes with time . It converges to its true value in a certain period of time to recognize the unknown parameters according to the simulation results. Figure 8 plots the angular velocity . We can also observe that it converges to its assumed value after the calculation of dimensionless value eventually. Therefore, it verifies that adaptive global sliding mode control is able to estimate the parameters quite accurately.
Figures 9 and 10 compare the control inputs between adaptive global sliding mode control using neural network and conventional fixed gain sliding control, respectively, where the estimate of the upper bound of lumped uncertainties and disturbances is obtained by adaptive global sliding mode control with neural network in Figure 9. The chattering in Figure 9 is obvious while it almost disappears in Figure 10. Chattering in adaptive global sliding mode control using neural network is cut down largely since by the switch item in the sliding controller it is approached by the compensation function of neural network for the uncertainties and disturbances.
6. Conclusion
The global sliding mode control, adaptive control, and neural network control are combined to control the MEMS gyroscope. The adaptive global sliding mode algorithm is designed to guarantee the stability of the system and to make the real trajectory track the ideal trajectory rapidly. For unknown parameters in the system, we can take advantage of the adaptive estimator to identify the true value of the angular velocity and other parameters of MEMS gyroscope. The chattering can be alleviated greatly through the upper bound estimation of the lumped uncertainties and external disturbances by neural network. Simulation is implemented to verify that the proposed adaptive global sliding neural control method has satisfactory performance.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work is partially supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant no. 61374100 and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant no. BK20131136.