Abstract
The influence of quasiperiodic gravitational modulation on convective instability of polymerization front with liquid monomer and liquid polymer is studied. The model includes the heat equation, the concentration equation, and the Navier-Stokes equations under the Boussinesq approximation. The linear stability analysis of the problem is carried out and the interface problem is derived. Using numerical simulations, the convective instability threshold is determined and the boundary of the convective instability is obtained for different amplitudes and frequencies ratio.
1. Introduction
Frontal polymerization is the process of polymer production in propagating reaction fronts [1–4]. In the absence of vibration, the influence of convective instability on polymerization front when the monomer is liquid and the polymer is solid was studied in [5], while the case of liquid polymer was considered in [6]. The influence of periodic gravitational modulation on the convective instability in the case of liquid-solid polymerization front was studied [7] and it was shown that the propagation of polymerization reaction front is strongly affected by the amplitude and the frequency of vibrations. In particular, the polymerization front can be stable or unstable depending on the values of vibration parameters. The influence of periodic vibrations on convective instability of reaction front was also studied in the case of liquids [8] and it was concluded that, for small vibration amplitudes, the reaction front remains stable and it loses its stability for sufficiently large amplitude of vibrations.
Recent works were devoted to the influence of a quasiperiodic (QP) gravitational modulation on the convective instability of reaction front. For instance, the influence of the QP gravitational modulation on reaction front was examined in the case of porous media described by the Darcy equation [9]. On the other hand, the case of liquid-solid polymerization front was considered in [10] using the Navier-Stokes equations instead of the Darcy equation and it was revealed that both the amplitudes and the frequencies ratio influence the stability domain of the polymerization front. Specifically, for appropriate values of vibration amplitudes and increasing values of the frequencies ratio, a stabilizing effect is observed. The effect of the wave number on the reaction front was also examined showing that increasing the wave number widens the stability domain.
The present work studies the effect of QP gravitational modulation on the convective instability of the polymerization front, but in the case of liquid-liquid frontal polymerization. This case is different from the previous one [10] in the sense that in [10] the equation of motion is considered only after the reaction zone since the polymer is in the solid phase. In the present work instead, the equation of motion is considered before and after the reaction zone because both the monomer and the polymer are liquids.
The next section presents the frontal polymerization model. Section 3 develops the perturbation analysis, while the interface problem is examined in Section 4. The linear stability analysis is discussed in Section 5 and numerical investigations are carried out in Section 6. The last section concludes the work.
2. Frontal Polymerization Model
We consider a polymerization process with a liquid reactant and a liquid product by assuming that the reaction front propagates in the direction opposite to the direction of gravity. In this case, the model of the frontal polymerization is given by the system of equations:with the following boundary conditions:
The gradient, divergence, and Laplace operators are defined by where the variables , , and are the spatial coordinates such that , is the temperature, is the concentration of the reaction product, is the velocity, is the pressure, is the coefficient of thermal diffusivity, is the adiabatic temperature heat release, is an average value of the density, is the coefficient of kinematic viscosity, is the unit vector in the upward direction, is the coefficient of thermal expansion, is the gravitational acceleration, and is the QP acceleration acting on the fluid which is given by such that , are the amplitudes and , are the incommensurate frequencies of the QP gravitational modulation. The quantity is a mean value of temperature, is the initial temperature, and is the temperature of the reacted mixture. We consider one-step reaction of zero order where the reaction rate is defined as follows:
The temperature dependence of the reaction rate is given by the Arrhenius law [11] where is the preexponential factor, is the activation energy, and is the universal gas constant. We assume that the two liquids are incompressible and the diffusivity coefficient is very small comparing to the thermal diffusivity coefficient such that the diffusivity will be neglected in the concentration equation.
To obtain the dimensionless model, we introduce the dimensionless spatial variables aswhere defines the stationary reaction front velocity and can be calculated asymptotically for large Zeldovich number [12]. For simplicity, we keep the same notation for the other variables and pressure. System (1) with the two boundary conditions (2)-(3) can be written in the formwith the following conditions at infinity: and is the Prandtl number, is the Rayleigh number, is the Zeldovich number, and and are given, respectively, by and and .
Next, we perform the linear stability analysis to tackle the interface problem.
3. Approximation of Infinitely Narrow Reaction Zone
To study the interface problem analytically, we use a singular perturbation analysis where the reaction zone is infinitely narrow and the reaction term is neglected outside the zone [13]. In this way, the problem can be reduced to an interface problem.
To perform a formal asymptotic analysis, is considered as a small parameter. The new independent variable is given by where defines the location of the reaction zone. Introducing new functions , , , and as The system of (8)–(11) can be written in the form (index 1 for the new function is omitted)where , , and are given by
To approximate the jump conditions and resolve the interface problem, we use the matched asymptotic expansion by seeking the outer solution of problem (14) in the form Introducing the stretched coordinate where , the inner solution, can be approximated in the following form:
Substituting the inner and outer solutions in (14) leads to Order : Order : Order : Order : Order :where and is the identity operator. The matching conditions as are given byAs As
From (18), we obtain
Consequently, we can conclude that is a linear function of and identically constant since the velocity is bounded. Equation (29) becomes
From (36)-(37), we deduce that the first term in the expression of the velocity is continuous at the front. By substituting (37) into (21), we find
Differentiating (39) with respect to , one obtains
As a result, (38) is a vectorial equation with three components. We multiply the first component by , the second by , and the third by and adding we have
Considering the two equations (38) and (40), we obtain
From the boundedness of the velocity and (30), the continuity of the first order term of the outer expansion and of the first derivative of the zero-order term, we can write
Differentiating (23) once and (26) twice with respect to and using the three equations (37), (42), and (43), we get
As above, we multiply the three components of (45), respectively, by , , and and adding, we get
From the previous equation and using (45)-(46), we have
Knowing that the velocity is bounded and considering (31), we obtain the jump conditions in the following forms:
Differentiating (25) twice and (27) three times with respect to and taking into account (37), (42), (48), we obtain
From the last equation and using (50), we can write where is defined by
Now, integrating (53) with respect to using the system (32)–(34) lead to
As a first conclusion, the velocity jump conditions across the reaction front are given by (36), (44), (49), and (55).
From (20), (22), (37), we conclude that is a monotonic function satisfying . Therefore, the reaction is of zero order and . Multiplying (19) by and integrating the result yield
Subtracting (19) from (20) and integrating the result one obtains where is given by
As a second conclusion, the temperature jump conditions across the reaction front are given by the two last equations (56)-(57). By using the matching conditions above and truncating the expansion as the jump conditions can be written as
4. The Interface Problem and Perturbation
To study the propagation of polymerization front with a liquid reactant and liquid product, the equation of motion has been considered before and after the reaction zone. This changes the jump conditions and influences the stability conditions of the frontal polymerization process. Notice that in the case of liquid-solid polymerization front, the equation of motion is considered after the reaction zone. The original system (2), (3), (8), (9) leads to the following interface problem: In the liquid monomer In the liquid polymer At the interface with the conditions at infinity
5. Stability Analysis
The interface problem analyzed in Section 4 has a travelling wave solution in the following form: where and is the speed of the stationary reaction front. This solution is a basic and stationary solution of interface problem (61)–(70) written in the moving coordinates. Then, (61), (63), (65), and (67) can be replaced by
The other equations remain unchanged. To study the stability of reaction front, we seek the solution of the problem as follows: where , , and are, respectively, small perturbation of temperature, pressure, and velocity.
Subtituting (73) into (64), (72), one obtains the first-order terms as follows: In the liquid monomer In the liquid polymer where is defined by .
We note and consider the perturbation as follows: where , and denote, respectively, the wave numbers (in and directions) and the amplitude of the perturbation and . Then, jump conditions (69) are linearized by taking into account the fact that Then the higher-order terms are given as
Substituting (81) into (83)–(89) leads to where
After simplification, (75) and (78) become
Substituting (71), (87), (88) into (74), (77), (92) and introducing the variable , where , one obtains two systems of equations as follows: : :with the following boundary conditions:
Combining the three boundary conditions (95)–(97) yields
6. Numerical Results
The numerical simulations of the problem are performed using the finite-difference approximation with implicit scheme. The algorithm is given in Appendix.
Evolution of maximum temperature versus time provides the onset of stability of the polymerization front. The convective instability occurs when a jump from bounded to unbounded values of maximum temperature is achieved.
Figure 1 shows the critical Rayleigh number as a function of the frequency for different frequencies ratio and for . In the absence of gravitational modulation (), we find the same result () as in [8, 14]. It can be observed that the frequencies ratio of the QP gravitational modulation has a significant influence on the convective instability of the reaction front. As indicated, increasing the frequencies ratio, the stability domain becomes larger. In particular, this can be seen in the range of the frequency belonging to the interval . For large values of the frequency , the frequencies ratio has no effect on the convective instability. It is also worthy to notice that the QP gravitational modulation has a stabilizing effect for sufficiently large frequencies ratio () comparing to the periodic modulation case ().
The critical Rayleigh number as a function of the amplitude is shown in Figure 2 for different values of . We can conclude that, for a fixed value of and increased values of , the polymerization front loses its stability monotonically revealing that the stability of the reaction front can be controlled by acting on the amplitudes of the QP modulation.
Figure 3 illustrates the critical Rayleigh number as a function of the amplitude for different frequencies ratio. It can be observed that increasing the frequencies ratio the stability domain becomes large for certain values of . For large values of (), the effect of the frequencies ratio on the convective instability boundary is insignificant.
Figure 4 shows for a fixed frequencies ratio, , the influence of the wave number on the critical Rayleigh number versus . The plots indicate that for large values of the wave number the reaction front gains stability.
The influence of on the stability of the reaction front is given in Figure 5 for two different frequencies ratio. From this figure, one can conclude that an increase of the frequencies ratio has a stabilizing effect.
7. Conclusion
In this work, we have studied the influence of the QP vibrations on the convective instability of liquid-liquid polymerization front. We have used the model which includes the heat equation, the concentration equation, and the Navier-Stokes equations under Boussinesq approximation. The Zeldovich Frank-Kamenetskii method has been used assuming that the reaction occurs in a narrow zone. To obtain the convective instability threshold using the linear stability analysis, the reduced system of equations has been discretized and resolved using the finite-difference method with implicit scheme. The results have shown that, for fixed values of amplitudes, an increase of the frequencies ratio stabilizes the reaction front, and for large values of the frequency the critical Rayleigh number tends to the unmodulated critical value. In addition, it is observed that for a fixed frequencies ratio and for a given amplitude an increase of the amplitude destabilizes the reaction front. Also, the reaction front becomes more stable by increasing the wave number.
Appendix
The algorithm of the considered problem uses the finite-difference approximation with implicit scheme. The velocity is computed from the previous time values of the problem. The discretization in space is given by , where is the space step and is a positive integer. The discretization in time is given by , where is sufficiently small time step. The variables of discretization are , , and . One obtains the following: In the liquid monomer In the liquid polymer
From the jump conditions, we have also the following systems: with
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.