Fast Sampling Control of Singularly Perturbed Systems with Actuator Saturation and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-4.1996pt" id="M1" height="15.599pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -11.3994 17.6499 15.599" width="17.6499pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g113-77" d="M541 160L512 170C485 116 462 88 439 67C411 41 376 35 318 35C272 35 238 37 224 48C207 61 205 85 212 121L290 533C305 611 308 615 391 622L397 650H139L133 622C217 615 221 612 206 533L126 118C111 41 103 34 23 26L17 0H474C489 31 528 124 541 160Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-0.012,10.948,4.134)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g></svg> Disturbance

Miao, Yanzi; Ma, Lei; Ma, Xiaoping; Zhou, Linna

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/514583

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

On this page

Abstract Introduction Examples Conclusion Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2015 | Article ID 514583 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/514583

Fast Sampling Control of Singularly Perturbed Systems with Actuator Saturation and Disturbance

Yanzi Miao,¹Lei Ma,¹Xiaoping Ma,¹and Linna Zhou¹

Academic Editor: Wanquan Liu

Received27 Apr 2015

Accepted03 Aug 2015

Published16 Sept 2015

Abstract

We will consider the problem of fast sampling control for singularly perturbed systems subject to actuator saturation and disturbance. A sufficient condition for the existence of a state feedback controller is proposed. Under this controller, the boundedness of the trajectories in the presence of disturbances is guaranteed for any singular perturbation parameter less than or equal to a predefined upper bound. To improve the capacity of disturbance tolerance and disturbance rejection, two convex optimization problems are formulated. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the main results of this paper.

1. Introduction

Many practical physical systems consist of subsystems operating on different time scales. Applying the normal control methods to these systems usually lead to ill-conditioned numerical problems. To overcome the numerical problem, singular perturbation theory was introduced to the field of control system and widely used in practice [1]. In this framework, a multiple time-scale system is modeled by a singularly perturbed system (SPS) with a small positive parameter such that the degree of separation between fast and slow modes can be determined. For example, in a power system, the flux linkages of the rotor windings are fast variables while the emf behind transient reactance, the generator’s rotor angle in radians, and the actual rotor speed are the slow ones. Thus the power system can be modeled as a SPS, where the torque of the winding represents the perturbation parameter [2].

Since most of the modern control systems are implemented by computer, sampling control of SPSs has been widely investigated. There are three sampling modes for SPSs: multirate, slow, and fast sampling mode. Under multirate sampling mode, the slow and fast states are measured at different sampling rate. In [3], a multirate sampling model predictive control method is proposed for large-scale nonlinear uncertain systems. In [4], a multirate sampling composite controller is designed. Slow sampling control is usually under the assumption that the fast subsystem is stable [5, 6]. Slow sampling discrete-time SPS is considered in [7, 8]. If the fast subsystem is not stable, fast sampling control is necessary [9, 10]. Fast sampling control of SPSs with disturbance is considered in [10–12]. In [11], controller design method together with a stability bound optimization method is proposed, and a less conservative method is proposed in [12]. But the above achievements do not take into account the actuator saturation, which is common in practice. It is known that actuator saturation may force the systems to work in the open-loop and thus destroy stability of control systems [13]. Thus many research efforts have been devoted to analysis and design of control systems with actuator saturation [14–19]. Recently, SPSs with actuator saturation are considered. Besides basin of attraction, stability bound is also an important stability index for SPSs with actuator saturation. In [20–24], state feedback controller is designed and the basin of attraction is estimated. The obtained results guarantee the existence of the stability bound but can not present an estimate of the bound. Many results have been proposed for estimating or enlarging the stability bound of the SPSs without actuator saturation [25–32]. In [33], continuous-time SPS with actuator saturation is considered and a state feedback controller is designed to achieve a desired stability bound while the basin of attraction is optimized. To the best knowledge of the authors, the fast sampling control problem of the SPSs with actuator saturation and disturbance has not been considered.

This paper focuses on fast sampling control of SPSs subject to actuator saturation and disturbance. First, a state feedback controller design method is proposed such that the trajectories of the closed-loop SPSs starting from a bounded set remain bounded for any allowable singular perturbation parameter and disturbance. Then, a method to enlarge the capacity of disturbance tolerance is proposed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Furthermore, a convex optimization problem is formulated to optimize the disturbance rejection. Finally, an example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed results.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides the problems under consideration. Section 3 gives the main results of this paper. In Section 4, an example is presented to demonstrate the proposed approaches. Section 5 makes a conclusion of the paper.

Notations. The superscript stands for matrix transpose. For a matrix , the notation denotes the transpose of the inverse matrix of and denotes th row of . Let be a positive definite matrix. An ellipsoid is defined as .

2. Problem Formulation

The fast sampling model of SPSs with actuator saturation and disturbance is described by the following compact form: where represents the singular perturbation parameter and is assumed to be available for controller design in this paper. and are the state variables, is the control input, is the output of the system, , , , , , and , are constant matrices of appropriate dimensions and is a componentwise saturation map defined by , , and is the disturbance which belongs to where is a positive number.

Under the state feedback controller the closed-loop system can be described by

The problems under consideration are as follows.

Problem 1. Given and , design a state feedback controller (4), such that, for any and , all the trajectories of the closed-loop system starting from inside in will remain inside of with and to be determined.

Problem 2. Given , design a state feedback controller (4) to maximize , such that for any and all the trajectories of the closed-loop system starting from the origin are bounded.

Problem 3. Given and , design a state feedback controller (4) to minimize , such that, for any and , the restricted gain from output to disturbance of the closed-loop system with zero initial condition is less than under the control of (4).

Remark 4. The upper bound characterizes the robustness of the system performance with respect to . The disturbance tolerance bound describes the largest disturbance that can be tolerated. The disturbance rejection means the largest ratio between the norms of the output and the disturbance.

There are two common tools to handle the saturation nonlinearities, one is the sector bound approach [34], and the other is the convex hull approach [13, 18]. The latter is adopted in this paper since it has been shown to be less conservative than the former [18]. The related preliminaries are recalled in the following.

For a given matrix , denote the th row of matrix as and define

Let be the set of diagonal matrices whose diagonal elements are either or . There are elements in . Suppose these elements of are labeled as , Denote . Clearly, if .

Lemma 5 (see [13]). Let . Then, for any , it holds that where stands for the convex hull.

3. Main Results

3.1. Controller Design

This subsection will present a solution to Problem 1.

Theorem 6. Given and , if there exist symmetric matrices , and matrices , , , , , as well as a positive scalar satisfying then, for any and , all of the trajectories of the closed-loop system (5) starting within will remain inside of with
And the state feedback controller gain matrix is given by

Proof. From (10) and (11), it follows that, for any , Let , Then (14) is equivalent to which implies that where .
By Schur complement, it follows from (16) that which implies that , Then by Lemma 5, we have From (8) and (9), it follows thatBefore and after multiplying (19) by and its transpose, respectively, we have Before and after multiplying (21) by the matrix and its transpose, respectively, we haveTaking into account the definitions of , , , and , we can rewrite (23) as Define Before and after multiplying (24) by , we have By Schur complement, inequality (26) is equivalent to whereDefine an -dependent Lyapunov function:Calculating the difference of along the trajectories of the closed-loop system (5), and using (18), we have It follows that with Then we have Summing up both sides of (33) from to , we can get which shows that when , we can get , that is, .
And, according to (25), the controller gain matrix is

Remark 7. According to (33), when the disturbance , it holds that , , which means that the closed-loop system (5) is locally asymptotically stable. In this case, the ellipsoid is an estimation of the basin of attraction of the closed-loop system. In addition, when is small enough, an -independent gain matrix can be computed by

3.2. Disturbance Tolerance

The ability of the closed-loop system to tolerate the disturbance is characterized by . Based on Theorem 6, we have the following corollary which can be used to maximize .

Corollary 8. Given and , if there exist symmetric matrices , and matrices , , , , satisfyingwhere , , , are defined in Theorem 6, then all the trajectories of the closed-loop system (5) starting from the origin will still remain inside of And the state feedback controller gain matrix is given by

Proof. According to (39) and (40), for any , we have which is equivalent to By Schur complement, it follows from (43) that thus ,
Similarly to (34) in the proof for Theorem 6, for the trajectories start from the origin, we have This complete the proof.

From Corollary 8, the bigger means the better disturbance tolerance ability. To get the best disturbance tolerance ability we formulate the following optimization problem:where represents the initial condition set.

Let . Then inequalities (39) and (40) can be rewritten as

Then the optimization problem (46) can be converted into

Solving the optimization problem (48) yields the minimal value . Then the largest disturbance that can be tolerated by the closed-loop system at zero initial condition is bounded by . Therefore, Problem 2 can be solved by the optimization problem (48).

3.3. Disturbance Rejection

Problem 3 will be considered in this subsection.

Theorem 9. Given , , and , if there exist symmetric matrices , and matrices , , , , satisfying wherethen the gain from to of the closed-loop system (5) with is less than . And the state feedback controller gain matrix is given by

Proof. Let , , , ,
Similarly to the proof for Theorem 6, it follows from (49) and (50) that Applying the Schur complement formula to (55), we have whereFrom (51) and (52), for any , it follows that From the proof for Theorem 6, we can get which shows that
Define an -dependent Lyapunov function Similarly to proof for Theorem 6, it follows from (56) that Then, summing up left and right of (61), respectively, with , yields that which implies Thus the gain from to of the closed-loop system with is less than . This completes the proof.

By Theorem 9, the minimal gain can be obtained by solving the following optimization problem:

Remark 10. As mentioned in Section 1, discretization of a continuous-time SPS can lead to different discrete-time models depending on the sampling rate. Since the structure of fast sampling models is different from that of slow sampling models, it is not easy to generalize the proposed results to slow sampling control of SPSs, as will be considered in our future work.

4. Examples

This section will illustrate the proposed results by an example.

Consider an inverted pendulum system controlled by DC motor via a gear train. The model, which was first established in [35], is described by where denotes the the angle (rad) of the pendulum from the vertical upward, , denotes the current of the motor, is the control input voltage, is the disturbance, is the motor torque constant, is the back emf constant, is the gear ratio, and is the inductance which is usually a small positive constant. The parameters for the plant are as follows: , , , , Nm/A, Vs/rad, Ω, and H and the input voltage is required to satisfy . Note that represents the singular perturbation parameter of the system. Substituting the parameters into (65) and linearizing the equations, we have where .

The equilibrium point of system (66), that is, , corresponds to the upright rest position of the inverted pendulum. We will design a controller to balance the pendulum around its upright rest position.

According to [36], we choose the sampling period as , where , . Then the fast sampling discrete-time model of system (66) is in the form of (1) with

Solving the LMIs of Theorem 6 with , , and , we have

Choosing , then we have

Then we can calculate the state feedback controller gain:

Solving the optimization problem (48) with , then we get

Choosing , we have and , which means the capacity of disturbance tolerance of the system is .

To improve the ability of disturbance rejection, solving the optimization problem (64) with , , we have

Choosing , we have and . Thus the gain from to of the closed-loop system with is less than 1.0369.

Define a piecewise function as follows:

Given and , it is easy to see that the disturbance . As shown in Figure 1, under controller (4), with the trajectory of the closed-loop system with the disturbance starting from the origin is bounded and converges to the origin when the disturbance disappears.

(a) The projection of trajectory to

(b) The projection of trajectory to

(c) The projection of trajectory to

(d) The trajectory starting from the origin

5. Conclusion

This paper investigated the problem of fast sampling control for singularly perturbed systems subject to actuator saturation and disturbance. A state feedback controller method was proposed such that all the trajectories of the closed-loop system starting from a bounded set will remain bounded for any singular perturbation parameter less than or equal to a predefined upper bound. Convex optimization problems were formulated to optimize the ability of disturbance tolerance and disturbance rejection, respectively. The presented example has illustrated the significance and validity of the proposed approaches.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61374043, 61303183), the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (BK20130204, BK20130205), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project (2013M530278, 2014T70558), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2013QNA50, 2013RC10, and 2013RC12).

References

P. V. Kokotovic, H. K. Khalil, and J. O'Reilly, Singular Perturbation Methods in Control: Analysis and Design, Academic, New York, NY, USA, 1986.
R. Ramírez-Betancour, C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel, and T. Van Cutsem, “A two-time scale simulation for dynamic analysis of power systems,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 185–195, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Heidarinejad, J. Liu, D. M. de la Peña, J. F. Davis, and P. D. Christofides, “Multirate Lyapunov-based distributed model predictive control of nonlinear uncertain systems,” Journal of Process Control, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1231–1242, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Chen, M. Heidarinejad, J. Liu, D. M. de la Peña, and P. D. Christofides, “Model predictive control of nonlinear singularly perturbed systems: application to a large-scale process network,” Journal of Process Control, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1296–1305, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. A. Rao and D. S. Naidu, “Singular perturbation method applied to the open-loop discrete optimial control problem,” Optimal Control Applications and Methods, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 121–131, 1982.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Kando and T. Iwazumi, “Sub-optimal control of discrete regulation problems via time-scale decomposition,” International Journal of Control, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1323–1347, 1983.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Dong and G.-H. Yang, “Robust $H_{\infty}$ control for standard discrete-time singularly perturbed systems,” IET Control Theory & Applications, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1141–1148, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Wang, Q. Zhang, and V. Sreeram, “ $H_{\infty}$ control for discrete-time singularly perturbed systems with two Markov processes,” Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 347, no. 5, pp. 836–847, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Blankenship, “Singularly perturbed defference equations in optimal control problems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 911–917, 1981.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Litkouhi and H. Khalil, “Infinite-time regulations for singularly perturbed defference equations,” International Journal of Control, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 587–598, 1984.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Dong and G.-H. Yang, “ $H_{\infty}$ control for fast sampling discrete-time singularly perturbed systems,” Automatica, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1385–1393, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Xu and G. Feng, “New results on $H_{\infty}$ control of discrete singularly perturbed systems,” Automatica, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 2339–2343, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Hu and Z. Lin, Control Systems with Actuator Saturation: Analysis and Design, Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass, USA, 2001.
Z. Zuo, D. W. C. Ho, and Y. Wang, “Fault tolerant control for singular systems with actuator saturation and nonlinear perturbation,” Automatica, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 569–576, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Wang, B. Zhou, C. Wen, and G.-R. Duan, “Output feedback gain scheduled control of actuator saturated linear systems with applications to the spacecraft rendezvous,” Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 351, no. 11, pp. 5015–5033, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
B. Zhou, Q. Wang, Z. Lin, and G.-R. Duan, “Gain scheduled control of linear systems subject to actuator saturation with application to spacecraft rendezvous,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 2031–2038, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Zhou, H. Gao, Z. Lin, and G.-R. Duan, “Stabilization of linear systems with distributed input delay and input saturation,” Automatica, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 712–714, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
T. Hu, Z. Lin, and B. M. Chen, “An analysis and design method for linear systems subject to actuator saturation and disturbance,” Automatica, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 351–359, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
Y.-Y. Cao, Z. Lin, and D. G. Ward, “An antiwindup approach to enlarging domain of attraction for linear systems subject to actuator saturation,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 140–145, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P.-L. Liu, “Stabilization of singularly perturbed multiple-time-delay systems with a saturating actuator,” International Journal of Systems Science, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1041–1045, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
G. Garcia and S. Tarbouriech, “Control of singularly perturbed systems by bounded control,” in Proceedings of the American Control Conference, vol. 5, pp. 4482–4487, IEEE, Denver, Colo, USA, June 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-H. Xin, D. Wu, D.-Q. Gan, and J.-J. Qiu, “A method for estimating the stability region of singular perturbation systems with saturation nonlinearities,” Acta Automatica Sinica, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 1549–1555, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Xin, D. Gan, M. Huang, and K. Wang, “Estimating the stability region of singular perturbation power systems with saturation nonlinearities: an linear matrix inequality-based method,” IET Control Theory & Applications, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 351–361, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Lizarraga, S. Tarbouriech, and G. Garcia, “Control of singularly perturbed systems under actuator saturation,” in Proceedings of the 16th Triennial World Congress of International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC '05), pp. 243–248, Prague, Czech Republic, July 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Feng, “Characterization and computation for the bound ε^∗ in linear time-invariant singularly perturbed systems,” Systems & Control Letters, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 195–202, 1988.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Sen and K. B. Datta, “Stability bounds of singularity perturbed systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 302–304, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Cao and H. M. Schwartz, “Complementary results on the stability bounds of singularly perturbed systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2017–2021, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T.-H. S. Li and J.-H. Li, “Stabilization bound of discrete two-time-scale systems,” Systems & Control Letters, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 479–489, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Q. Liu, M. Paskota, V. Sreeram, and K. L. Teo, “Improvement on stability bounds for singularly perturbed systems via state feedback,” International Journal of Systems Science, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 571–578, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | Zentralblatt MATH
J.-S. Chiou, F.-C. Kung, and T.-H. S. Li, “An infinite ε-bound stabilization design for a class of singularly perturbed systems,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 1507–1510, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G.-H. Yang and J. X. Dong, “Control synthesis of singularly perturbed fuzzy systems,” IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 615–629, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Yang and Q. Zhang, “Multiobjective control for T-S fuzzy singularly perturbed systems,” IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 104–115, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Y. Yang, J. Sun, and X. P. Ma, “Stabilization bound of singularly perturbed systems subject to actuator saturation,” Automatica, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 457–462, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
H. Hindi and S. Boyd, “Analysis of linear systems with saturating using convex optimization,” in Preceedings of the 37th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 903–908, Tampa, Fla, USA, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
S. H. Zak and C. A. Maccarley, “State-feedback control of non-linear systems,” International Journal of Control, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1497–1514, 1986.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Kando and T. Iwazumi, “Multirate digital control design of an optimal regulartor via singular perturbation theory,” International Journal of Control, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1555–1578, 1986.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2015 Yanzi Miao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

657

Downloads

728

Citations