Morphing Wing Structural Optimization Using Opposite-Based Population-Based Incremental Learning and Multigrid Ground Elements

Table 5

Aeroelastic characteristics and mechanical parameters due to various input torques of wing-box (4) in Figure 14 at trimming angle of attack = 5°.

Torque (N-m)	Lift eff.	Flutter speed (m/s)	Divergence speed (m/s)	Buckling factor	Max stress; ( MPa)	Mass (kg)
60	1.045	245.549	151.797	2.297	96.868	4.252
45	1.036	259.348	155.042	2.924	74.624
30	1.026	269.558	157.150	4.014	52.380
15	1.016	273.997	158.471	6.347	30.155
0	1.006	279.534	159.053	13.464	7.998
−15	0.996	278.303	158.987	10.176	14.389
−30	0.987	272.400	158.280	4.739	36.598
−45	0.977	266.160	156.775	3.070	58.842
−60	0.967	257.898	153.326	2.267	81.085