Abstract
Cognitive radio (CR), which is proposed as a solution for spectrum scarcity, imposes some threats to the network. One severe attack to cognitive radio network is the primary user emulation attack (PUEA), in which an attacker may transmit its signal with high power or mimic specific features of the primary user’s signal to prevent secondary users from accessing the licensed spectrum. In this paper, we study a subcarrier and power allocation problem for orthogonal frequency division multiple access-(OFDMA-) based CR systems in the presence of PUEA. To maximize the system throughput while keeping the interference introduced to the primary user (PU) below given thresholds with a certain probability, a joint design of a robust cooperative spectrum sensing and a resource allocation scheme is proposed. In the proposed scheme, the inaccurate classification of PU signals and PUEA signals provided by robust cooperative spectrum sensing is utilized by resource scheduling module. To further exploit the underutilized spectrum bands, we also evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in the hybrid overlay/underlay spectrum access mechanism. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to conventional scheme regardless of the number of SUs or the kind of spectrum access mechanism being used.
1. Introduction
Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) are expected to bring a revolution to the spectrum scarcity problem through intelligent use of the underutilized or the free spectrum bands [1]. In CRNs, a secondary (unlicensed) user (SU) can access the licensed bands under the condition that the induced interference to the primary (licensed) users (PUs) does not reach an unacceptable level. In general, to exploit unused and underutilized spectrum bands, an SU has three spectrum sharing approaches for a dynamic spectrum access mechanism [2], namely, the underlay spectrum access mechanism (USAM), the overlay spectrum access mechanism (OSAM), and hybrid overlay/underlay spectrum access mechanism (HOUSAM) [3]. According to the OSAM, SUs access the spectral bands only when they are not being used by the PUs; in the USAM, the PUs and SUs can coexist in the same spectral band which means the SUs can utilize the underutilized frequency bands of the PUs. In HOUSAM, the SU can transmit in both the unused and underutilized spectrum bands. It improves the throughput of the secondary network while maintaining a harmless interference to the PU.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising candidate for CRNs [4]. With OFDM, the SU has the ability to flexibly fill the spectral gaps left by PUs and/or utilize the underutilized frequency bands of the PUs, by disabling or decreasing the power allocated to a set of subcarriers. In a conventional OFDM system, to maximize the efficiency of the spectral resources utilization, a power-allocation algorithm is proposed in [5]. In an orthogonal-frequency-division multiple-access- (OFDMA-) based system, to exploit the time-varying nature of fading gains across users in a given subcarrier, a subcarrier allocation algorithm is proposed in [6]. For conventional OFDMA wireless systems, resource allocation algorithms have been studied extensively [7]. Using these resource allocation algorithms directly into CRNs may result in higher mutual interference in the PUs’ band, since they coexist in side-by-side bands and the nonorthogonality of transmitting signals. Recently, resource allocations in OFDM-based CRNs have received a great deal of attention.
Finding unused and underutilized spectrum bands in CRNs is based on the information gathered from SUs’ spectrum sensing reports. However, in the hostile network environment, an attacker can mount primary user emulation attack (PUEA) to affect SUs’ reports. In such scenario, an attacker transmits signals whose characteristics resemble that of the PU transmitter, misleading the SUs to believe that the spectrum bands are occupied by the PU. Robust spectrum sensing [8] and resource allocation are two key enabling technologies for cognitive radio (CR). The former mainly concerns how to reliably recognize the existence of the unused spectrum bands and the latter concerns how to maximize the utilization of the recognized unused spectrum bands. For instance, in [9] a hybrid PUEA defense strategy based on a combination of energy detection and variance detection is proposed. The authors in [10] proposed a robust cooperative spectrum sensing that considers an always present PUEA. For a smart PUEA, who is able to perform spectrum sensing and send its signal in a planned way, the authors in [11] proposed a new spectrum sensing scheme. In [12], the authors study resource allocation problem for OFDMA-based cognitive radio systems. A subcarrier and power allocation schemes for a hybrid overlay and underlay spectrum access mechanism are proposed in [13]. In [14], a distributed power allocation algorithm for underlay CRNs is proposed, where channel gains between SUs and PU base stations are uncertain.
In most of existing designs for CRNs, robust spectrum sensing and resource allocation are implemented separately. That is, in the first step, robust spectrum sensing makes a relatively reliable decision on whether the primary signal is present or not. Then this decision is transferred to the next step. Based on the information got from the first step, a resource scheduling module could accomplish the power allocation and/or spectrum band assignment task. In this paper, we study the joint design of robust spectrum sensing and resource allocation in OFDMA-based cognitive radio systems. The feasibility of this idea is as follows.
Firstly, robust spectrum sensing has the ability to make a relatively reliable classification of PU signals and PUEA signals not just distinguish vacant bands from occupied bands. Secondly, conventional resource allocation assumes a secure environment and did not utilize the information of imperfect classification of PU signals and PUEA signals got from robust spectrum sensing. Recently, a valuable work [15] has revealed that robust resource allocation, which takes into account possible spectrum sensing errors occurring due to the presence of PUEA signals in the environment, is more efficient than conventional resource allocation. The scenario that the authors in [15] considered is composed of a primary and a secondary transceiver. This scenario is simple and the proposed resource allocation scheme is based on OSAM, which does not utilize the underused spectral regions.
Due to the uncertainty present in the secondary base station- (SBS-) to-SU channel, underlay SU subcarriers may experience relatively better channel qualities, whereas the channel quality between the SBS and an overlay SU subcarrier can be poor. Therefore, to increase the overall spectrum utilization, the SUs may need to utilize not only the unused frequency bands but also underutilized frequency bands in a given geographical location and in a particular time. In this paper, considering the factor of the not fully reliable spectrum sensing results due to the PUEA, we propose a robust cooperative spectrum sensing-assisted multiuser resource allocation scheme (Rope-Alone) for OFDM-based CRNs. We showed that joint design of a robust cooperative spectrum sensing and a resource allocation outperforms the separated design. The proposed Rope-Alone can be used not only with an OSAM but also with a HOUSAM.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the system model is introduced and the problem discussed in this paper is formulated as an optimization problem. Section 3 presents the details of the solution for our proposed Rope-Alone. The results of numerical tests are presented in Section 4, followed by conclusions in Section 5.
2. System Model
2.1. Overall Description
In this paper, as shown in Figure 1, we consider a downlink transmission scenario consisting of a centralized primary user network (PN) and a centralized cognitive radio network. An attacker attempts to fool the SUs in the CRN by transmitting PUEA signals, whereas the CRN endeavors to distinguish PU signals from PUEA signals and arrive at an optimal resource allocation scheme. As shown in Figure 2, the total available bandwidth licensed to the PU is equal to which is divided into subcarriers of equal width . is the set of subcarriers. The CRN which employs an OFDM scheme includes a secondary base station (SBS) and SUs and operates on a frame-by-frame basis. is the set of SUs. At the beginning of each frame, each carries out robust spectrum sensing to determine the vacant subcarriers and distinguish PU signals from PUEA signals in the occupied subcarriers. Then, each sends its sensing results through the uplink reporting link to the SBS. Based on the reports collected from the SUs, we assume the SBS can perfectly differentiate vacant subcarriers from occupied subcarriers. Also, we assume that the SBS can distinguish between the PU and the PUEA signals in occupied subcarriers imperfectly. With the imperfect knowledge of the PU activity in occupied subcarriers, the SBS performs resource allocation, that is, channel or spectrum band assignment and power allocation, and feeds back the decisions to all SUs through the downlink broadcast link.
In this paper, perfect synchronization is assumed between FC and SU. This is because the IEEE 802.22 standard has defined Quiet Periods (QPs) where spectrum sensing is performed and SUs are not allowed to transmit. CRNs can synchronize their QPs through an offset synchronization technique using beacons [16]. In a centralized CRN, the FC distributes synchronization information through the control channel [17]. It is reasonable to assume that SUs are able to synchronize with the FC.
In downlink transmission scenario shown in Figure 1, there are four interference links: (1) between the primary user’s transmitter (PT) and the secondary user’s receiver (SR), let denote the channel fading gain between the PT and the th SR in the th subcarrier; (2) between the attacker’s transmitter (AT) and the primary user’s receiver (PR), let denote the channel fading gain between the AT and the PR in the th subcarrier; (3) between the AT and the SR, let denote the channel fading gain between the AT and the th SR in the th subcarrier; (4) between the SBS and the PR, let denote the channel fading gain between the SBS and the PR in the th subcarrier. Furthermore, the link between the SBS and SR is the downlink broadcast link; let denote the channel fading gain between the SBS and the th SR in the th subcarrier. These instantaneous channel fading gains are assumed to follow a Rayleigh distribution and we assume these instantaneous fading gains are known at the SBS. Specifically, we assume that the SU can estimate instantaneous fading gains and report to the SBS through the uplink reporting link [18].
2.2. Modeling of the Imperfect Robust Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
Robust spectrum sensing can not only distinguish vacant subcarriers from occupied subcarriers, but also make a relatively reliable decision on the classification of PU signals and PUEA signals. In order to exploit this extra information, we will quantify the accuracy of classification and provide this to the subsequent resource allocation module to improve the spectrum utilization efficiency.
Each SU senses the subcarriers periodically and makes a local decision about the presence of the PU signals and PUEA signals based on its own observations. The local decisions are to be sent to the SBS in consecutive time slots based on a time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme through the uplink reporting link. The reported local decisions are combined at the SBS, as shown in Figure 2; all of these subcarriers will be divided into three parts [15]: the set of vacant subcarriers , the set of subcarriers occupied by the PU, and the set of subcarriers occupied by the PUEA. Note that intersymbol interference (ISI) and intercarrier interference (ICI) are two factors of degrading the OFDM system performance. The shorter time of SU occupancy of the estimated free carriers may result in ISI.
Furthermore, mobility of the SUs generates Doppler frequency spread, which may destroy the orthogonality between subcarriers. The loss of orthogonality (of the carriers) at the SUs results in ICI [19]. Many methods have been proposed to combat ICI. Among these methods, adaptive subcarrier bandwidth is one of the representatives. The authors in [20] reveal that increasing the subcarrier bandwidth (i.e., decreasing ) can reduce ICI. However, as the subcarrier bandwidth increases, the ISI also increases. Therefore, the subcarrier bandwidth selection is a tradeoff between decreasing the subcarrier bandwidth to eliminate the ISI and increasing the subcarrier bandwidth to reduce the ICI.
We can write
Due to the imperfect robust spectrum sensing, there would be errors in classification of and . Let denote the real state in which the PU is sending signals over subcarrier (), and let denote the estimate of by robust spectrum sensing. Similarly, we denote to indicate the real state in which the attacker is sending PUEA signals over subcarrier (), and let denote the estimate of by robust spectrum sensing.
So when the signal is from the PU, the probability that the SBS falsely classifies it as from the attacker is . When the signal is from the attacker, the probability that the SBS falsely classifies it as from the PU is . Note that the probability of detection of PU signals and PUEA signals can be written as and , respectively.
Here, let us define as the probability that the SBS classifies the signals to be from the PU when it is indeed from the PU, and as the probability that the SBS classifies the signals to be from the PUEA when it is indeed from the PUEA. Hence, we use and to evaluate the accuracy of classification for the PU signals and the PUEA signals. Formally, these two probabilities which will be used in the subsequent resource allocation are defined asrespectively. The probability of in (2) and the probability of in (3) can be rewritten as and , respectively, where denotes the probability of presence of the PU which is signal in the subcarrier , denotes the probabilities of presence of the PUEA signal in the subcarrier .
2.3. Modeling of the Resource Allocation Problem in the Presence of an Attacker
In this paper, the goal of resource allocation is to maximize the total transmission rate of SUs while keeping total interference introduced to the PU subcarriers below a certain threshold and total power below a constraint.
The capacity for the th subcarriers used by the th SU is calculated via the Shannon formula as [21] where is the transmission power of the th SU for the th subcarrier, denotes the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) variance, denotes the interference introduced to the th subcarriers of the th SU due to the transmission of all PUs, and denotes the interference introduced to the th subcarriers of the th SU due to the transmission of PUEA signals.
The sum capacity of the th SU is where can have only value of either 1 or 0, indicating whether the th subcarrier is used by the th SU or not, as only one SU can occupy a particular subcarrier.
Mathematically, the objective is to find the optimal exclusive subcarrier assignment policy and power allocation policy jointly such that the CRN system throughput is maximized, while satisfying the interference temperature constraint required by the PU on each channel and the power budget of the SBS simultaneously; that is,where denotes the total power budget, denotes the interference introduced to the th subcarriers of the PU due to the transmission of all SUs, and denotes the interference threshold for the th PU subcarriers. C1 are the interference constraints for all PUs subcarriers; it can be guaranteed that the interference introduced to the th PU subcarriers remains below a specified interference threshold with specified probability [12]. C2 and C3 indicate each subcarrier can be allocated to only one SU. C4 and C5 are the transmitter power constraints.
In the subsequent section, this optimization problem will be deduced in detail; an optimal subcarrier-and-power allocation can be obtained.
3. Robust Cooperative Spectrum Sensing-Assisted Multiuser Resource Allocation
The optimization problem considered here is similar to the conventional resource allocation problem, except for the added interference to the CRN due to the presence of the attacker and the modified interference constraints C1 got from robust cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm. In the following, we derive three kinds of interferences. Then, we formulate the objective function with the constraints in (6) and propose the Rope-Alone.
3.1. PU-SU Interference
This is the PN interference on the SU subcarrier. Since the waveform of the PU activity is unknown, an elliptically filtered white noise process is assumed as PU signal [22]. We assume that is the power spectrum density of the PU signal at subcarrier ; then the interference introduced by the th PU subcarrier to the SU that is using subcarrier can be calculated as follows [22]: where is the frequency distance between subcarrier and subcarrier .
The interference introduced by the PU subcarriers that are correctly detected in the set , imposed to the SU that is using subcarrier , can be written as
The interference introduced by the PU subcarriers that are incorrectly detected as PUEA signals in the set , imposed to the SU that is using subcarrier , can be written as
Thus, the interference introduced by the PU signal to the SU that is using subcarrier can be written as
3.2. PUEA-SU Interference
This is the PUEA signal interference on the SU subcarrier. As an attacker attempts to fool SUs via mimicking the characteristics of the PU signal, the interference introduced by the th PUEA subcarrier to the SU that is using subcarrier can be calculated as follows:where is the power spectrum density of the PUEA signal.
Then the interference introduced by the PUEA subcarriers that are incorrectly detected as PU signals in the set , imposed to the SU that is using subcarrier , can be written asSimilarly, the interference introduced by the PUEA subcarriers that are correctly detected as PUEA signals in the set , imposed to the SU that is using subcarrier , can be written asThus, the interference introduced by the PUEA signal to the SU that is using subcarrier can be written as
3.3. SU-PU Interference
This is the CRN interference on the PN. Since SBS-SU is an OFDM signal, we assume an ideal Nyquist pulse shaping; the power density spectrum of the th subcarrier in the SU subcarrier can be written as [22] where is the power loaded in the th subcarrier and is the symbol duration.
The interference, introduced by the SU that is using subcarrier , to the th PU subcarrier () can be written as follows:where Using similar methods discussed in Section 3.1, the interference introduced by the SUs’ signal to the th PU subcarrier () can be written asrespectively.
Hence, the C1 constraint in (6) can be written asSince the amplitude fading gain is Rayleigh distributed with known parameter , the distribution of is an exponential distribution. Hence, (20) can be written asEquation (22) can be rewritten asSimilarly, (21) can be written as
3.4. Subcarrier Allocation
The optimization problem defined by (6) is a mixed binary integer programming problem which is generally hard to solve. We decouple the optimization problem into two separate problems: a subcarrier allocation problem and a power allocation problem. In order to maximize the CRN system throughput, we allocate a particular subcarrier to a CR user that has the highest channel gain to interference and noise ratio (CINR).
Taking the background noise and interference from PU signal and PUEA signal into consideration, the CINR at SU that is using subcarrier can be expressed as
Theorem 1. Using the subcarrier allocation in (26), the optimization problem in (6) is decoupled into two separate problems, and the decoupling is optimal
Proof. The proof is shown in Appendix A.
3.5. Power Allocation
After the subcarrier allocation, the optimization problem defined in (6) is turned into where denotes the set of subcarriers allocated to the th SU according to (26).
Theorem 2. The optimal power allocated to th subcarrier that the th SU is using can be written aswhere , , (), and () are Lagrange constants.
The proof of Theorem 2 and the method of calculating the optimal power allocation and the Lagrange multipliers are given in Appendix B.
3.6. Proposed Rope-Alone
The whole process of the proposed Rope-Alone can be summarized in Algorithm 1.
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4. Simulations and Discussions
4.1. Simulation Settings
We give simulation results to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm in this section. The total available bandwidth (), which is equally divided into 16 OFDM subcarriers, is assumed to be equal to 8 MHz. So the bandwidth is 0.5 MHz for each subcarrier. The values of and have been taken to be 4 μs and Watt, respectively. We assumed that there are SUs. The channel fading gains , , and are assumed to be Rayleigh distributed with mean values of −, −, and −, respectively. In addition, the channel fading gain is assumed to be Rayleigh distributed with mean values of −. The transmit power of the PU is assumed to be 0.1 W. The probability , with which the interference introduced to the PU th subcarrier remains below the threshold , is equal to 0.95.
We also assume that, after the robust spectrum sensing, all of these subcarriers will be divided into three parts: = , = , and = . To analyze the performance of the proposed Rope-Alone, we give the detection performance of the robust spectrum sensing being used. Given = 0.06, the is equal to [0.99, 0.98, 0.97, 0.98, 0.96] over subcarriers in the set . In addition, the is equal to [0.97, 0.98, 0.96] over subcarriers in the set . The probability of PU activity in each subcarrier follows normal distribution with mean 0.7 and variance 0.01.
4.2. Impact of Power Budget
For a given value of interference threshold Watt for PU subcarrier , , we study the performance of the proposed Rope-Alone and conventional scheme [12] in subcarrier-and-power allocation in Figure 3. The conventional scheme in subcarrier-and-power allocation makes no distinction between the subcarriers in set and the subcarriers in set and extends the same protection to all subcarrier , . In Figure 3, we have plotted the maximum system throughput of the CRN versus the total power budget for Rope-Alone and conventional scheme with the HOUSAM. In this figure, we have also plotted the maximum system throughput of the CRN for Rope-Alone and conventional scheme with the OSAM. It can be observed that both schemes with the HOUSAM achieve higher transmission rate compared with OSAM. Furthermore, regardless of the spectrum access mechanism (OSAM or HOUSAM) being used, the achievable maximum system throughput for the Rope-Alone is greater than that of the conventional scheme.
In Figure 3, we also observed that, for the conventional scheme when the power budget exceeds 180 mW, the maximum system throughout becomes roughly constant, while for Rope-Alone this power budget threshold is approximately 370 mW. This is due to the fact that, when the power budget exceeds a certain threshold, these schemes will operate in the interference-limited scenario; that is, interference constraints C1 in (28) become the boundary constraint, and the total power loaded on all subcarriers became a constant and does not change with power budget increases. To gain a clearer vision of how much power can be loaded into different subcarriers under diffident power budget, Figures 4 and 5 provide the power loading profile for Rope-Alone and conventional scheme under various spectrum access mechanisms with the power budget of 160 mW and 300 mW, respectively. In Figures 4 and 5, we also have fixed the values of = 5 × 10−9. From Figure 5, it can be observed that the power loaded in some subcarriers with Rope-Alone is much higher than that with conventional scheme as expected. We find that, owning to the assist of robust cooperative spectrum sensing, the proposed Rope-Alone could exploit spectrum opportunity more effectively; that is, making full use of the sensing information to some extent means better system performance.
4.3. Impact on Energy Efficiency
We define an energy efficiency metric, ψ, as the ratio between the system throughput and the total achievable transmission power. To see the performance of energy efficiency of the Rope-Alone and the conventional scheme allocation schemes, we further plotted the energy efficiency ψ versus the total power budget for both schemes with HOUSAM and OSAM. In Figure 6, we have fixed the values of for all . From Figure 6, we notice that the energy efficiency of Rope-Alone is higher than that of conventional scheme, regardless of the spectrum access mechanism (OSAM or HOUSAM) being used. We also find when the power budget is over 220 mW, the energy efficiency of the HOUSAM based scheme is smaller than that of the OSAM based scheme. However, in Figure 3, we find that the achievable system throughput with the HOUSAM based scheme is higher than that of the OSAM based scheme when the power budget is over 220 mW. This fact demonstrates that the performance improvement of the HOUSAM based scheme comes at the expense of energy efficiency.
4.4. Impact of Interference Threshold
Figure 7 shows the impact of interference threshold on the system throughput in different schemes. For this plotting, we have used power budget = 100 mW. We can see that, for all schemes, the system throughput increases almost linearly as the interference threshold increases up to a certain value of interference threshold and then it becomes roughly constant. The reason behind this is that, for the given power budget, with the interference threshold increasing, the interference constraint is no longer a boundary constraint, but the power budget becomes the boundary constraint which restricts the improvement of the system throughput. Moreover, we can see that Rope-Alone outperforms the conventional scheme under all spectrum access mechanisms.
4.5. Impact of Secondary Users
The system throughput versus number of secondary users for various schemes is shown in Figure 8. In this figure, we have fixed the values of = 5 × 10−9 and the total power budget to be 250 mW. It is shown that the system throughput increases with the number of SUs. This is mainly because the more the number of SUs in CRN, the more likely for the CRN to have high quality channel. In addition, the Rope-Alone performs better than the conventional scheme regardless of the number of SUs.
4.6. Impact of the Accuracy of Detecting the PUEA Signal
We evaluate the impact on the system throughput when varying the accuracy of detecting the PUEA signal for the robust cooperative spectrum sensing. In Figure 9, we have fixed the values of to be 5 × 10−9 Watt and total power budget to 100 mW. We have plotted (the accuracy of detecting the PUEA signal) versus system throughput for various schemes under consideration. The value is determined by the performance of robust cooperative spectrum sensing to differentiate PUEA signal from PU signal. Higher means less ambiguity between PUEA signals from PU signals. As can be observed from Figure 9, the system throughput increases as increases as expected. When is close to 1, the improvement in system throughput with HOUSAM is much higher than that with OSAM.
5. Conclusion
How to maximize the system throughput of OFDMA-based CRN while keeping the interference introduced to the PU below certain thresholds in the present of a PUEA is a challenging issue. To address this problem, we studied the joint design of robust spectrum sensing and resource allocation in OFDMA-based CRN and formulated a joint design scheme as a convex optimization problem. The Lagrange duality theory has been introduced to solve this problem. To further exploit the underutilized spectrum bands, we also have evaluated the performance of the proposed scheme in the hybrid overlay/underlay spectrum access mechanism. Simulation results have confirmed the superiority of our proposed Rope-Alone compared to conventional resource allocation scheme under various spectrum access mechanisms. These results also have shown that the Rope-Alone achieves higher energy efficiency than conventional scheme. The proposed Rope-Alone is mainly for stationary SUs and may be applicable to low speeds; an interesting challenge ahead is to design a robust resource allocation scheme applicable to OFDMA-based medium/high speed mobile CRN. Since the high mobility of the SU leads to Doppler frequency spread, which will give rise to intercarrier interference. Such intercarrier interference severely affects the performance of OFDMA-based CRN.
Appendices
A. Proof of Theorem 1
Let us prove Theorem 1 with reduction to absurdity. Assume an optimal subcarrier allocation exists and SU in the th subcarrier with the highest CINR . However, the th subcarrier is assigned to SU with the CINR smaller than . Let us assume that the optimal power is allocated to SU in the th subcarrier which satisfies constraints C1–C5 in (6). If we allocate th subcarrier with the power to SU , the constraints C1–C5 will still be satisfied. But CRN system throughput in (6) will be higher as . Therefore, assigning the th subcarrier to SU is not optimal. Hence, Theorem 1 is proven by reduction to absurdity.
B. Proof of Theorem 2
To make the optimization problem in (28) tractable, we solve it by considering its Lagrange dual problem. It is known that if the optimization problem is convex, the duality gap is zero. As a result, the optimal solution obtained by the duality problem is the global optimal solution of the primary problem [23]. The optimization problem specified in (28) is convex with respect to the optimization variable .
Firstly, by introducing nonnegative dual variables , and , the Lagrange function is given bywhere , is the cardinality of the set and is the cardinality of the set .
Secondly, Lagrange dual function can be obtained byand the dual problem can be written asThe dual problem in (B.3) can be decomposed into the following two sequentially iterative subproblems.
Subproblem 1 (Power Allocation). Given the dual variable , and , for , , the objective function (B.1) is maximized when the derivative with respect to is zero; the optimized power allocation for each subcarrier can be written as
Subproblem 2 (Dual Variable Update). The optimal dual variable can be obtained by solving the dual problem:where . The Lagrange multipliers , , and in (B.5) can be calculated using the interior point method; here we can use a subgradient update method (a generalization of gradient) [23]:where is the iteration number and is the iteration step size.
According to the theoretical results in [24], the above dual variable updating method is guaranteed to converge to the optimal solution, as long as the iteration step chosen is sufficiently small.
Abbreviations
| AT: | Attacker’s transmitter |
| CINR: | Channel gain to interference and noise ratio |
| CR: | Cognitive radio |
| CRN: | Cognitive radio networks |
| HOUSAM: | Hybrid overlay/underlay spectrum access mechanism |
| OFDM: | Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing |
| OFDMA: | Orthogonal frequency division multiple access |
| OSAM: | Overlay spectrum access mechanism |
| PN: | Primary user network |
| PR: | Primary user’s receiver |
| PT: | Primary user’s transmitter |
| PU: | Primary user |
| PUEA: | Primary user emulation attack |
| Rope-Alone: | Robust cooperative spectrum sensing-assisted multiuser resource allocation scheme |
| SBS: | Secondary base station |
| SR: | Secondary user’s receiver |
| SU: | Secondary user |
| TDMA: | Time division multiple access |
| USAM: | Underlay spectrum access mechanism. |
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publishing of this paper.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) under Grant 2012AA01A508 for the project support.