Nonlinear Steady-State Model Based Gas Turbine Health Status Estimation Approach with Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Table 3

Measurement deviations (i.e., fault signatures) in ten Test Cases ( = 288.15 K, = 101325 Pa, and = 1.82 kg/s).

Symbols	Measurement deviations (%) (relative to the measurements when the engine is healthy)
	Test Case 1	Test Case 2	Test Case 3	Test Case 4	Test Case 5	Test Case 6	Test Case 7	Test Case 8	Test Case 9	Test Case 10
	1.634	−0.839	1.047	−1.468	−2.660	0.188	5.528	−5.075	−1.223	0.053
	−0.254	−0.256	0.322	−0.448	−0.807	−0.709	1.730	−1.527	−0.373	−0.751
	0.935	0.946	1.437	3.792	−1.254	4.700	2.0579	3.443	6.048	1.132
	−0.444	−0.449	0.417	1.113	−0.360	0.670	−0.141	0.318	1.098	−0.392
	0.913	0.923	1.421	1.490	−1.023	2.398	3.816	1.338	3.763	1.312
	−0.832	−0.841	0.640	−1.492	0.592	−2.349	−0.916	−1.680	−1.666	0.407
	0.801	0.810	1.265	1.320	0.846	2.118	1.578	2.896	3.340	2.886
	−0.8749	−0.885	0.604	−1.499	1.001	−2.400	−1.767	−1.307	−1.753	0.741
	−1.111	−1.124	0.325	−1.867	0.205	−3.021	−2.234	−2.713	−2.657	−0.571
	−0.315	0.863	0.802	1.386	−0.950	1.068	2.016	1.035	2.877	−0.586
	−0.530	0.255	0.410	2.709	0.306	2.285	−2.703	2.907	3.156	0.192