Research Article

Single Spring Joint Element Based on the Mixed Coordinate System

Figure 20

Damage evolution and crack propagation from FE analysis at different characteristic load levels: (a) Scotta et al.’s simulation, at 21, 30, 34, and 38 kN; (b) this paper, at 23, 34, 43, and 59 kN; and (c) three-dimensional damage pattern, at 59 kN.
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