The Effects of the Emission Cost on Route Choices of International Container Ships

Table 2

Emission factors by sailing speed.

Engine type	Year built
Main engine (g/kW h)
SSD	Before 2000	18.1	10.16	1.05
SSD	After 2000	17	10.16	1.05
MSD	Before 2000	14	10.16	1.11
MSD	After 2000	13	10.16	1.11
HSD		12.7	10.16	1.11

Note: SSD: slow speed diesel; MSD: medium speed diesel; HSD: high speed diesel.
Sources: Entec [23], Lloyd’s Register [24], USEPA [20], and Yau et al. [22].