Size and Topology Optimization for Trusses with Discrete Design Variables by Improved Firefly Algorithm

Table 1

Allowable stress for each member.

Group	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	−242.044	−79.941	−119.36	−242.044	−242.044	−46.619	−46.619	−76.437
	275.896	275.896	275.896	275.896	275.896	275.896	275.896	275.896