Abstract
Wind tunnel tests were carried out to obtain the static aerodynamic characteristics of crescent iced 4-bundled conductors with different ice thicknesses, initial ice accretion angles, bundle spaces, and wind attack angles. The test models were made of the actual conductors and have a real rough surface. Test results show that the influence of wake interference on the drag coefficients of leeward subconductors is obvious. The interference angle range is larger than 20° and the drag coefficient curves of leeward subconductors have a sudden decrease phenomenon at some certain wind attack angles. The absolute value of the lift and moment coefficient increases with the increase of the ice thickness. In addition, the galloping of the iced subconductor may occur at the angle of wind attack near ±20° and the wake increases the moment coefficient. The variation of initial ice accretion angle has a significant influence on the aerodynamic coefficients. The aerodynamic coefficient curves exhibit a “moving” phenomenon at different initial ice accretion angles. The bundle spaces have a great influence on the moment coefficient of leeward thin ice-coated conductors. With the increase of ice thickness, the bundle spaces generally have little influence on the aerodynamic coefficients.
1. Introduction
China is a mountainous country. The mountain area accounts for more than 60% of the land area. The mountainous southwestern region is rich in hydropower resources and it is also the main power generation area of the West-East Electricity Transmission Project. Most of the transmission lines will cross valleys, rivers, and micrometeorological areas in mountainous southwestern regions, where the conductors are easily ice-coated in winter. Under certain conditions, the ice-coated conductor will produce large amplitude and low frequency self-excited vibration, which is called galloping [1, 2]. Galloping may cause transmission lines’ collision, fittings failure, line trip and power outage, or even line breaking, tower failure, and other great dangers [3]. In 2008, the biggest snow and ice disaster in this century hit the southern region of China, which led to transmission lines icing on a large scale and seriously affected the normal operation of the power system. Since the aerodynamic coefficients of ice-coated conductors are the basis for the study of galloping, it is necessary to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of the ice-coated conductors in ultrahigh voltage transmission lines.
There are lots of researches about the aerodynamic characteristics of ice-coated conductors. As early as 1932, Den Hartog [4] proposed the vertical galloping mechanism of ice-coated conductors. Nigol et al. [5–7] proposed the torsional motion mechanism and the protective measures of galloping by the experimental study of the ice-coated conductors. Gurung et al. [8] and van Dyke and Laneville [9] carried out a full-scale test to obtain the aerodynamic characteristics of the iced conductor. However, investigation on full-scale test line is limited because of the low efficiency, high cost and difficulty to record test data accurately. Therefore, the wind tunnel test became the most common method to study the aerodynamic characteristics of the conductor. Rawlins [10] and Chabart and Lilien [11] measured the aerodynamic characteristics of single conductors in wind tunnel test. However, the study by Zhang et al. [12] showed that that galloping takes place more frequently on a bundle conductor transmission line than on a single one because the cross-sectional shape of the ice accreted on a bundle conductor tends to be non-circular due to its larger torsional stiffness. Zhou et al. [13] carried out a wind tunnel test to obtain the aerodynamic coefficients of the iced eight bundle conductor with crescent shape. It is concluded that the air flow interference effect around sub-conductors is obvious. The similar conclusions have been obtained in the study of Hu et al. [14] and Diana et al. [15]. However, these studies are lack of specific conclusions about the effects of wake interference on aerodynamic characteristics of iced conductor. The aerodynamic characteristics of crescent and D-shape conductors have been studied in wind tunnel by Stumpf and Ng [16], Chadha and Jaster [17] as well. Lou et al. [18] carried out a wind tunnel test to investigate the influence of the initial ice accretion angle on the aerodynamic characteristics of D-shape 2-bundled and 6-bundled conductors. It also gave the Den Hartog coefficients of D-shape bundled conductors with various initial ice accretion angles. However, the experimental data of the influence of the initial ice accretion angle on the aerodynamic force of the crescent iced 4-bundled conductor is still lacking.
It is worth noting that most of the scholars currently use smooth surface conductor models in experiments. In this paper, the sectional models were made of the actual conductors and have a real rough surface. In addition, research on the influence on the bundle space and the initial ice accretion angle of the crescent iced 4-bundled conductors is still rare. Therefore, tests were carried out to obtain the variation laws of static aerodynamic characteristics of crescent iced 4-bundled conductors with different ice thicknesses, initial ice accretion angles, bundle spaces, and wind attack angles in the wind tunnel. The obtained results may provide the fundamental data for the development of antigalloping techniques of ice-coated 4-bundled conductors.
2. Experiment Design
The wind tunnel tests were carried out in 1.4 m × 1.4 m low-speed wind tunnel at the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center (CARDC). The maximum wind velocity is 60 m/s. The test model in wind tunnel is shown in Figure 1(a). The experimental setup is shown in Figure 1(c), where two balances are applied to measure the aerodynamic forces. Both ends of the conductor are fixed on a balance by the connector, respectively. Compared with the way of measuring balance set at one end of the conductor, this method can eliminate the measurement error from model vibration, and it is also more suitable for the high velocity tests. The aerodynamic forces of all subconductors are measured in turn by changing the installation position of the balance.
(a) Iced 4-bundled conductors
(b) Real conductor
(c) The experimental setup
The actual transmission conductors were chosen for the test model, whose type is LGJ400/35 ( mm), and the model ratio is 1 : 1, as shown in Figure 1(b). Compared to most conventional models in previous studies, the paper’s model is more approximate to the real situation. The crescent iced model is fixedly connected to the surface of the conductor model. The ice thicknesses () of models are 10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm, respectively, as shown in Figure 2(c), and the bundle spaces are 485 mm, 450 mm, and 400 mm, respectively. Since the initial ice accretion angle existed in the actual icing conductor, the initial ice accretion angles of 0°, −10°, and +10° are discussed in this experiment, which are shown in Figure 2(b). Considering that the actual variation of the inflow direction will not be too large, the aerodynamic characteristics were only measured at the range of wind attack angle from −45° to 45° with an interval of 5°. The definition of wind attack angle and aerodynamic force of iced conductors is shown in Figure 2(a). The wind attack angle is changed by rotating the upper and the lower turntable in wind tunnel tests.
(a) Definition of wind attack angle and aerodynamic force
(b) Definition of ice accretion angle
(c) The variation of ice thickness
The aerodynamic characteristic parameters of the ice-coated conductor include drag coefficient, lift coefficient, and torsional coefficient. The dimensionless characteristic parameters of the ice-coated conductor are defined as follows:where , , and are the drag force, the lift force, and the torsional moment, respectively; , , and are the drag coefficient, the lift coefficient, and the moment coefficient, respectively; is the models’ reference length ( mm); is the diameter of naked conductor; is wind velocity ( m/s); and is the air density.
3. Test Results
3.1. Influence of Ice Thickness
3.1.1. Drag Coefficient
The variations of subconductors’ aerodynamic coefficients with different ice thicknesses and wind attack angles are shown in Figures 3–6 under the condition of the initial ice accretion angle of 0° and the bundle space of 485 mm. Figure 3 shows that the drag coefficient of the windward subconductors 1 and 4 is substantially symmetrical at the range of wind attack angle from −45° to 45°. Meanwhile, the drag coefficient of leeward subconductors 2 and 3 is substantially symmetrical as well. This confirms the repeatability and accuracy of the tests. In addition, from the comparison of the measured drag coefficient of subconductor 1 with the results from [19], it can be seen that the two results are in good agreement at the wind attack angle of 0°. As also can be seen from Figure 3(a), the drag coefficient of subconductor 1 at the attack angle of −45° is 1.80, which is close to that of [20]. The error between them is mainly due to the discrepancy of wind velocity ( m/s in [20] while m/s in this article). This shows that the measured results are accurate and feasible.
(a) Subconductor 1
(b) Subconductor 2
(c) Subconductor 3
(d) Subconductor 4
(a) Subconductor 1
(b) Subconductor 2
(c) Subconductor 3
(d) Subconductor 4
(a) Subconductor 1
(b) Subconductor 2
(c) Subconductor 3
(d) Subconductor 4
Figure 3 shows that the windward conductor has an obvious wake interference on the leeward conductor, especially when the ice thickness is relatively thin ( mm). The curves of drag coefficient have a sudden decrease phenomenon at some certain wind attack angles. Subconductors 2 and 3 are affected by the wake of subconductors 1 and 4 at the angle of wind attack near 0°, respectively, and the drag coefficient decreases by more than 0.5. Moreover, subconductors 2 and 3 are affected by the wake of subconductors 4 and 1 at the angle of wind attack near 45° and −45°, respectively, and the drag coefficient also significantly reduced. In both cases, the ratios of the distance between the windward and leeward conductors to the diameter of the ice-coated conductor ( mm) reach 13.2 and 18.6, respectively. This shows the interference distance is relatively large and the interference angle range is larger than 20°.
When the ice thickness increases to 20 mm or 30 mm, the sudden decrease phenomenon of drag coefficient on subconductors 2 and 3 weakens at the angle of attack of 0°. This is mainly because the outline of the conductor is closer to the streamlined body when the ice thickness of the conductor is thicker. The effect of wake interference on aerodynamic characteristics of the ice-coated conductor with streamlined body is smaller than that of the conductor with blunt body. When the wind attack angle is −45° or +45°, the streamlined body has been converted to a similar blunt body, which significantly enhances the interference effect on the leeward conductor. The drag coefficient curves of subconductors 2 and 3 also vary significantly. Due to the variation of wind attack angle, the outlines of the windward conductors vary with the direction of inflow. This also indicates that the windward conductor’s outlines play an important role in wake interference on the leeward conductors.
3.1.2. Lift Coefficient
Figure 4 shows the curves of the lift coefficient varying with the wind attack angles under different ice thicknesses.
It can be seen that the lift coefficients of subconductors are substantially antisymmetric at the range of wind attack angle from −45° to +45°. Figure 4 also indicates that the wake interference has a little effect on the lift coefficient of subconductors 2 and 3.
The absolute value of the lift coefficient increases with the increase of the ice thickness in the range of wind attack angles, especially at the angle of wind attack near ±20°. The absolute value of the lift coefficient increases rapidly with the increase of the ice thickness and forms a sudden peak phenomenon at these two angles. This phenomenon is similar to the wing stall, which is a kind of flow separation phenomenon. When the ice thickness is relatively thin, the outline of the conductor is close to the bluff body, and the flow separation phenomenon is not obvious.
3.1.3. Moment Coefficient
Figure 5 shows the curves of the moment coefficient varying with the wind attack angles under different ice thicknesses.
It can be seen from Figure 5 that the moment coefficients of the subconductor are also antisymmetric at the range of attack angle, the same as the lift coefficients varying with the wind attack angles. The ice thickness has a great influence on the moment coefficient of the subconductor, and the absolute value of the moment coefficient increases with the increase of ice thickness. The increasing trend is more obvious with thicker ice. The absolute value of moment coefficient of subconductors 2 and 3 is significantly increased at the angle of wind attack near +20° and −20°. When the ice is thicker, the absolute value of subconductors 2 and 3 is often larger than that of subconductors 1 and 4, respectively, which indicates that the wake increases the moment coefficient.
3.1.4. Stability Analysis Based on the Coefficient of Den-Hartog
The above results show that although the variation laws of aerodynamic coefficients of subconductors with attack angle are basically the same at different ice thicknesses, the measured values are obviously different. In this paper, the Den-Hartog criterion is performed to estimate the possibility of galloping. Aerodynamic damping less than zero is the necessary condition of instability to gallop; the formula for the criterion is as follows:where Den is the coefficient of Den-Hartog; is the lift coefficient; is the drag coefficient; is the wind attack angle. Figure 6 shows the curves of the Den-Hartog criterion varying with the wind attack angles under different ice thicknesses.
It can be seen from Figure 6 that the absolute value of the Den-Hartog coefficient of 4-bundled conductors basically increases with the increase of ice thickness. Compared with thin iced conductors, the possibility of galloping of heavy iced conductors is greater, especially in the range of −20°~−30° and 20°~30° of wind attack angle, and the possible galloping regions are similar to those in [18]. Thus, the galloping problem of heavy iced conductors under high wind velocity is worth more attention.
3.2. Influence of Initial Ice Accretion Angle
The aerodynamic coefficient curves of subconductors 1 and 2 varying with the wind attack angles under different initial ice accretion angles are shown in Figures 7–9.
(a) Subconductor 1
(b) Subconductor 2
(a) Subconductor 1
(b) Subconductor 2
(a) Subconductor 1
(b) Subconductor 2
It can be seen from Figure 7 that the change of initial ice accretion angle has a significant influence on the drag coefficient. Take the heavy ice-coated conductor as an example; theoretically, the initial ice accretion angle is +10° or −10° corresponding to an increase or decrease of the wind attack angle by 10°. This means that the drag coefficient curve should appear to be “moving” accordingly. However, this is only suitable for windward subconductors 1 and 4. For leeward subconductors 2 and 3, the interaction between the conductors is complicated due to the influence of wake interference, so “moving” is uneven, especially at the angel of wind attack near 35°.
Figures 8 and 9 show that the slopes of the conductor’s lift and moment coefficient curves are relatively large in a small range of wind attack angle (absolute value within 20°). In this range, the lift and moment coefficient curves exhibited a “moving” phenomenon for the same nominal wind attack angle under different initial ice accretion angles. This presents a significant variation in the amount of the ladder. When the range of wind attack angle is larger (absolute value without 20°), the lift and moment coefficients of the conductors are less affected by the change of the initial ice accretion angle, except the lift coefficient of leeward subconductor 2, which is interfered with by the wake interference. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the influence of the initial ice accretion angle.
3.3. Influence of Bundle Space
The aerodynamic coefficient curves of subconductor 2 varying with the wind attack angles under different bundle spaces are shown in Figure 10.
(a) mm, initial ice accretion angle = 0°
(b) mm, initial ice accretion angle = 0°
(c) mm, initial ice accretion angle = 0°
(d) mm, initial ice accretion angle = 0°
It is observed that the variation of the bundle space generally has little influence on the drag and lift coefficient, even for subconductor 2, which is greatly influenced by the wake interference. When the conductor is with thin ice coating ( mm), the curves of moment coefficient are quite different under the different bundle spaces. This is due to the fact that the thin iced conductor’s outline is close to blunt body and the wake interference between blunt bodies is complicated. When the conductor is with heavy ice coating ( mm), the outline of the ice-coated conductor is closer to streamlined body, so the effect of bundle space on moment coefficient becomes smaller.
4. Conclusions
Wind tunnel tests were carried out to obtain the static aerodynamic characteristics of the widely used ice-coated 4-bundled conductors (LGJ400/35) in a transmission system with different ice thicknesses, initial ice accretion angles, bundle spaces, and wind attack angles. The main conclusions are as follows:(1)The windward conductor’s outline is the key factor to affect the aerodynamic characteristics of iced conductors.(2)The influence of wake interference on the drag coefficient of subconductors is obvious. The interference angle range is larger than 20° and the curves of leeward conductors’ drag coefficient have a sudden decrease phenomenon at some certain wind attack angles. This sudden decrease phenomenon gradually decreases with the increase of ice thickness.(3)The absolute values of the moment coefficients of leeward conductors are always larger than those of the windward conductors, which means the wake increases the moment coefficient.(4)When the conductor is with heavy ice coating, the curve of the lift and moment coefficient will form a sudden peak phenomenon at the angle of wind attack near ±20°, and the galloping of the iced subconductor may occur near these two angles of wind attack.(5)The variation of initial ice accretion angle has a significant influence on the aerodynamic coefficients. The aerodynamic coefficient curves exhibit a “moving” phenomenon for the same nominal wind attack angle at different initial ice accretion angles. For the leeward subconductors, the “moving” of aerodynamic coefficient curves is not uneven due to the influence of wake interference.(6)The bundle spaces generally have a great influence on the moment coefficient of subconductor 2 for the conductors with thin ice coating. With the increase of ice thickness, the bundle spaces generally have little influence on the aerodynamic coefficients.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51478069) and Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (Grant no. CSTC2017JCYJB0210).