Design and Validation of Real-Time Optimal Control with ECMS to Minimize Energy Consumption for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Table 1

Numerical values of the vehicle parameters.

Component	Parameter	Value
Vehicle	Air resistance coefficient	0.31
	Frontal area	2 m^2
	Vehicle total mass	2081 kg
	Wheel rolling radius	0.283 m
	Rolling resistance coefficients
	Rolling resistance coefficients
	Rolling resistance coefficients
ICE	Maximum power	30 kw (3500 r/min)
	Maximum torque	81 Nm (3500 r/min)
	Peak efficiency	0.39
EM	Maximum power	25 kw
	Maximum torque	160 Nm
	Peak efficiency	0.90
Powertrain	Drivetrain efficiency	0.9
	Gearbox ratio
	Final drive ratio	3.24
	TCM ratio	1.3