Strength Assessment of Broken Rock Postgrouting Reinforcement Based on Initial Broken Rock Quality and Grouting Quality

Xu, Hongfa; Geng, Hansheng; Chen, Feng; Chen, Xiao; Qi, Liangliang

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3651765

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

On this page

Abstract Introduction Abbreviations Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 3651765 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3651765

Strength Assessment of Broken Rock Postgrouting Reinforcement Based on Initial Broken Rock Quality and Grouting Quality

Hongfa Xu,¹Hansheng Geng,¹Feng Chen,²Xiao Chen,¹and Liangliang Qi¹

Academic Editor: Francesco Pesavento

Received29 Nov 2016

Accepted15 Feb 2017

Published15 Mar 2017

Abstract

To estimate postgrouting rock mass strength growth is important for engineering design. In this paper, using self-developed indoor pressure-grouting devices, 19 groups of test cubic blocks were made of the different water cement ratio grouting into the broken rock of three kinds of particle sizes. The shear strength parameters of each group under different conditions were tested. Then this paper presents a quantitative calculation method for predicting the strength growth of grouted broken rock. Relational equations were developed to investigate the relationship between the growth rates of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), absolute value of uniaxial tensile strength (AUTS), internal friction angle, and cohesion for post- to pregrouting broken rock based on Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion. From previous test data, the empirical equation between the growth rate of UCS and the ratio of the initial rock mass UCS to the grout concretion UCS has been determined. The equations of the growth rates of the internal friction coefficient and UCS for grouting broken rock with rock mass rating (RMR) and its increment have been established. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental results. These observations are important for engineered design of grouting reinforcement for broken rock mass.

1. Introduction

Geotechnical and underground engineering are often in complex geological environments where broken rock mass is one of the frequently encountered medium. In such cases, grouting is usually used for reinforcement, which can well improve the condition, integrity, and the bearing capacity (Lombardi [1], Glossop [2]). For such engineering, when designed or calculated by the engineers, it is an important problem to accurately determine the mechanical model and the parameters of the grouting broken rock mass. For example, Li et al. [3] converted the mechanical parameters of the original rock to determine the parameters of grouting reinforcement in the mechanical analysis of broken rock mass section in a tunnel construction design; Youn and Tonon [4] used parameters obtained from the experimental results of grouting layer of Texas Gulf Coast Soil (Sellountou [5]) to study the behavior of postgrouted drilled shafts at the Brazo River Bridge; these two methods of taking parameters will inevitably lead to relatively large error. In the support design of No. 1 Coal Mine, Yangquan Coal Industry Group Co. Ltd., Wang et al. [6] considered the grouting layer as a homogeneous medium and combined the linear elastic model with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion to simulate the support model; the same method was used in the analysis for undersea tunnel stability and in prediction of displacement of tunnel surface (He and Wang [7], Sharghi et al. [8]); Dai et al. [9] used the Kelvin-Hooke model to characterise the mechanical model of the grouting reinforced bodies in broken rock mass; in the study of support in a tunnel, Dai et al. [10] combined the elastic-plastic model with the D-P criterion for the grouting layer; the most critical step in these studies was to determine the mechanical parameters (strength, modulus, friction angle, and cohesion) of the model by means of field tests rather than by empirical formulas or any specifications.

From the above, it can be seen that the research on the determination of mechanical models and parameters of grouting broken rock mass is still in the initial stage and it is difficult to determine the parameters quantitatively. The main obstacle lies in the heterogeneity of broken rock mass and the complexity of fracture structure (ISRM [11]). For the support design of underground engineering, slope engineering, and foundation pits in broken rock mass, the unpredictability of the mechanics parameters of the postgrouting broken rock mass makes the design and numerical analysis result in great errors.

At present, study of the mechanics model, parameters, and effect prediction of postgrouting broken rock mass is relatively sparse. Some of them are typical; for example, through the mechanical experiments and borehole expansion test during the grouting process, Kikuchi et al. [12] found that the mechanical properties of the broken rock tend to become uniform after grouting; based on the experimental data of Quantai Coal Mine and damage mechanics, the constitutive model of postgrouting broken rock mass was established by Yang and Zhang [13]; Butrón et al. [14] performed laboratory tests, including fall-cone, unconfined compression, and triaxial tests, to determine the dynamic and quasi-static mechanical model of slurry consolidation body; Zolfaghari et al. [15] applied Q system into estimation of the change of elastic modulus before and after grouting through field test at the Bakhtiari dam site; experimental results showed that the Q system can be used as a practical and undemanding method in evaluation of rock mass quality by the grouting treatment, while there is no research on estimating parameters of grouting reinforcement by GSI index or RMR; through neural networks, Tinoco et al. [16] analyze a large number of experimental data to predict the strength of grouting reinforced rock mass, which is time-consuming and not universal; Akan et al. [17] studied the fitting model of predicting the compressive strength of grouting body by nonlinear regression of experimental data; Zhou [18] calculated the relationship between grouting parameters and bearing capacity of pile by numerical simulation. In general, the grouting broken rock mass is still in the exploratory stage in the study of mechanical model and parameters; qualitative research is more, while quantitative research is less and one-sided in this field.

In view of these deficiencies, this paper focuses on broken rock mass within rock mass classes IV (poor) and V (very poor) of the classification scheme based on the rock mass rating (RMR) system (Bieniawski et al. [19, 20]). Through self-developed laboratory pressure-grouting device and the direct shear apparatus, a large number of uniaxial compression test and direct shear test have been carried out on specimen of slurry consolidation bodies and broken rock mass pre- and postgrouting reinforcement; relationship between the growth rates of the uniaxial compression strength (UCS), absolute value of uniaxial tensile strength (AUTS), internal friction coefficient, and cohesion for pre- and postgrouting reinforcement are derived by using the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion; combined with the empirical formulae of Aydan et al. [21, 22], mathematical calculation process and curves for each growth rate of these four parameters and rock mass rating (RMR) are presented in Sections 3–7, with the UCS of grout concretion into account. Through comparison, it indicates that the experimental data are in good agreement with the equation curve. The RMR-based method to predict the mechanical parameters of broken rock mass grouting reinforcement and the derived equations can be used effectively for engineering design of various broken rock mass engineering and for the determination of parameters in numerical analysis, which will reduce the calculation error. Based on previous studies [23, 24], RMR and Mohr-Coulomb parameters can be converted into GSI index, Q system, and Hoek-Brown parameters by further research.

2. Shear Strength Tests on the Concretion of Grouting Reinforced Broken Rock

2.1. Test Method

We carried out the shear strength test of grouting reinforced bodies of broken rock mass. The test methods are as follows.

(1) Simulate Broken Rock Mass with Crushed Stone (or Broken Rock). The rock is weak weathered limestone from the Mengmu quarry in Nanjing, Jiangsu.

(2) Broken Degree of the Rock Mass Is Represented by Different Particle Size of Broken Rock. We used broken rock with three kinds of particle size, namely, fine (F) 0~2 cm, medium (M) 2~4 cm, and coarse (R) 4~6 cm. Figure 1 shows that the medium particle broken rock is placed in the steel mold.

(3) Test Blocks Making Equipment. The self-developed pressure-grouting device is used in the laboratory as shown in Figure 2. The device is composed of three parts, which are the sealing steel mold, the sealing steel pressure pail containing grout, and the air compressor. The test procedures are the following:(i)Placing broken rock into the sealing steel mold(ii)Pouring grout mixing cement with water into the pressure pail(iii)Starting the air compressor to increase pressure of the pail and grouting into the sealing steel mold filled broken rock(iv)Discharging excess grout from the outlet and maintaining 0.3 MPa of the grouting pressure for 5 minutes(v)Demolding for the test blocks after condensation hardening for 24 hoursThe test block is the cube of 150 × 150 × 150 mm³. The typical test blocks are shown in Figure 3.

(4) Test Schemes. The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the influence of Initial Rock Mass Quality and Grouting Quality on the strength of broken rock grouting reinforced concretion. From the research results of literature [25, 26], strength growth rate of broken rock mass is closely related to the strength of the original rock and the strength of grout concretions. The five test schemes are developed for this experiment. All 95 test blocks are made in 19 groups (each group has five), as shown in Table 1.(i)In scheme I, there are 4 groups to test the shear strength of pure cement grout concretion under different water cement ratio.(ii)In scheme II, there are 3 groups to test the shear strength of pure broken rock using a very high water cement ratio grouting reinforced concretion, which considered grout cementing action is very small.(iii)In scheme III, there are 4 groups to test the shear strength of fine particle broken rock grouting reinforced concretion under different water cement ratio.(iv)In scheme IV, there are 4 groups to test the shear strength of medium particle broken rock grouting reinforced concretion under different water cement ratio.(v)In scheme V, there are 4 groups to test the shear strength of coarse particle broken rock grouting reinforced concretion under different water cement ratio.

(5) Shear Strength Test. The shear strength test can be carried out on the blocks cured for 28 days using the YZW100 direct shear apparatus.

2.2. Test Results

There are five test blocks in each group. Each test block is placed horizontally in direct shear apparatus. A constant vertical stress (or normal stress ) is applied on block first, then a horizontal stress (or shear stress ) is applied, and then shear displacement increases with shear stress varying until failure. The shear stress-displacement curve can be obtained. A constant normal stress is applied gradually from small to large on each block in each group. To prevent the normal stress crushing blocks, each group maximal normal stress must be less than UCS. The typical shear stress-displacement curves are shown in Figure 4.

(a) Group C13

(b) Group OR

(c) Group F07

(d) Group M07

(e) Group R07

From shear stress-displacement curve of each test block, the peak shear strength and the corresponding normal stress are obtained, as Table 2 shows.

Suppose the shear strength of test block meets the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion. Then the relation between the peak shear strength () and normal stress () on each group test should satisfy the following:where is the cohesion; is the internal friction angle; is the internal friction coefficient; is the normal stress acting on the failure plane; and is the maximum shear stress acting on the failure plane.

From Table 2, we can draw the strength test curve of each group; see Figure 5. The shear strength parameters of the each group test can be obtained using linear regression method; see Table 3.

(a) Scheme I

(b) Scheme II

(c) Scheme III

(d) Scheme IV

(e) Scheme IV

3. Strength Growth of Postgrouting Broken Rock Mass

In this paper, the following assumptions apply for broken rock mass:(i)The rock mass is cut by several structural features, which form fractured massive, cataclastic, or scattered textures.(ii)Rock mass strength is determined using the RMR classification system.(iii)The broken rock mass is class IV or V, and the RMR’s value is less than 25.(iv)Rock mass strength satisfies the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion for low stress levels.(v)Grouting improves the rock mass quality, leading to an increase in RMR ().

The Mohr-Coulomb criterion is one of the most trusted and widely used linear strength criteria for soils and rocks. Jaeger et al. [27] define the criterion as follows:where is the maximum principal stress in failure and is the minimum principal stress in failure.

Expressions of the relationships between rock mass strength parameters are determined as follows:where is the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and is the absolute value of uniaxial tensile strength (AUTS).where is the ratio of the AUTS to the UCS.

The growth rates of each factor are determined as follows.

(i) The growth rate of UCS is expressed aswhere is the UCS growth rate; is the growth value of UCS; is the UCS of pregrouting broken rock; is the UCS of post-grouting broken rock.

(ii) The absolute value of UTS growth rate is expressed aswhere is the AUTS growth rate; is the growth value of AUTS; is the AUTS of pregrouting broken rock; is the AUTS of postgrouting broken rock.

(iii) The growth rate of cohesion is written aswhere is the cohesion growth rate; is the growth value of the cohesion; is the cohesion of pregrouting broken rock; is the cohesion of post-grouting broken rock.

(iv) The growth rate of internal friction coefficient is defined aswhere is the growth rate of internal friction coefficient; is the growth value of internal friction coefficient; is internal friction coefficient of pregrouting broken rock; is internal friction coefficient of postgrouting broken rock.

By substituting (3) into (8), the relationships between the growth rate of cohesion and the growth rates of UCS and AUTS can be determined:Equation (10) can also be expressed as

Similarly, by substituting (4) into (9), the relationships between the growth rate of internal friction coefficient and the growth rates of cohesion, UCS, and AUTS can be determined:where is the ratio of the AUTS to the UCS of pregrouting broken rock; is the ratio of the AUTS to the UCS of postgrouting broken rock; andwhere is internal friction angle of pregrouting broken rock; is internal friction angle of postgrouting broken rock; is within 1.01~1.50 generally.

4. The Growth Rate of UCS of Post- to Pregrouting Broken Rock

The UCS of broken rock mass postgrouting reinforcement increases. Xu et al. [25] collected 28 days of UCS test data for broken rock mass pre- and postgrouting reinforcement, and analysed variation laws of the growth rate of UCS () with the relative UCS of the initial rock mass (). The relative UCS is a dimensionless parameter that is a ratio of the initial rock mass UCS () to the UCS of hardened cement grout concretion after 28 days (). It was proposed aswhere is the relative UCS of initial rock mass UCS, that is, the ratio of the initial rock mass UCS to the grout concretion UCS; is the UCS of hardened cement grout concretion after 28 days.

The test data in Table 3 are made being dimensionless using (6) and (14). And the results are shown in Table 4 and Figure 6. In Table 4, the UCS is calculated with Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion (1). Table 4 shows the change of UCS of the broken rock pre- and postgrouting reinforcement and the cement grout concretion for 28 days with broken rock particle sizes and grout water cement ratio. Figure 6 shows that the UCS growth rate of the broken rock postgrouting reinforcement varies with the relative UCS of the original broken rock.

From Figure 6, we find that a correlation between UCS growth rate () for broken rock postgrouting reinforcement and relative UCS () for broken rock is obvious. The relationship can be expressed as follows using fitting method.

5. The Growth Rate of Post- to Pregrouting Broken Rock Mass Shear Strength

The empirical formula for estimating the internal friction angle of broken rock mass with RMR was presented by Aydan and Kawamoto [22] as follows:

Then the internal friction angle of the rock mass postgrouting reinforcement is

The growth rate of internal friction coefficient for post- to pregrouting broken rock mass can be determined from (9), (16), and (17):

In addition, the growth rate of cohesion for post- to pregrouting broken rock mass is calculated from (12):

6. The Expression of the Growth Value of RMR for Post- to Pregrouting Broken Rock Mass

The empirical formula for predicting the UCS of broken rock mass with RMR was presented by Masada and Han [23]:

The UCS of broken rock mass postgrouting is as follows.

Based on (6), (20), and (21), the expression of the growth rate of UCS for post- to pregrouting broken rock mass is as follows:

So, the growth value of RMR for post- to pregrouting broken rock mass from (22) and (15) is determined as follows:

7. Analyses of Strength Growth Rates for Post- to Pregrouting Broken Rock Mass

The final strength and strength improvement of broken rock mass postgrouting reinforcement are dependent on a range of factors including grouting materials, grouting pressure, grouting duration, extent of fracturing, and the permeation coefficient. The most important factors are grouting quality and pregrouting rock mass quality. The grouting quality may be characterised by the UCS of grout concretion (), while the initial rock mass quality may be characterised by RMR. When is from 5 MPa to 40 MPa, the RMR ranges from 10 to 40.

7.1. Influences of RMR and UCS of Grout Concretion on Shear Strength Growth Rates

The UCS growth rate for pre- to postgrouting broken rock mass can be determined using (15) and (20) when RMR and are known. can be determined from (23). The growth rate of internal friction coefficient and the growth rate of cohesion which can be determined from (18) and (19) are shown in Figures 7 and 8.

These figures demonstrate that initial rock and grouting quality strongly influence the growth rate of shear strength parameters for grouted broken rock mass.

The effectiveness of grouting reinforcement has an inverse relationship with rock mass quality. Detailed results are as follows:(i)The growth rates of shear strength parameters decrease relatively sharply with initial RMR increase and gradually slow to a constant rate across higher RMR values.(ii)The growth rates of shear strength parameters increase with the increase of UCS of grout concretion after 28 days (). This trend is clearer for low values of RMR.(iii)The growth rate of cohesion is much higher than that of internal friction coefficient under the same conditions. The growth rate of internal friction coefficient is below 0.4 for RMR greater than 10 and less than 14 while the growth rate of cohesion is greater than 1 generally for RMR less than 20 and greater than 2 MPa.

7.2. Influences of RMR and UCS of Grout Concretion on Growth Rates of UCS and AUTS

The growth of UCS and AUTS for broken rock mass postgrouting can be determined from (11) and (22) and seen in Figures 9 and 10. These figures demonstrate that initial rock mass and grouting quality also have a great influence on the growth rates of UCS and AUTS for pre- to postgrouting broken rock mass. These growth rate values are much higher when the rock mass quality is poor and decrease with an increase of RMR. Detailed conclusions are as follows.(i)The growth rates of UCS and AUTS rapidly decrease with an increase of RMR and gradually smooth out towards higher RMR values.(ii)The growth rates of UCS and AUTS increase with an increase of UCS of grout concretion after 28 days (). Growth rate is much higher when the rock mass quality level is low.(iii)The growth rate of UCS is always greater than that of AUTS under the same conditions.

8. Verification

According to the definition of the growth rates of cohesion and internal friction angle with (8) and (9), the test results of the growth rate of the shear strength parameters for broken rock postgrouting reinforcement can be obtained from Tables 3 and 4, as shown in Table 5.

In this paper, three types of broken rock (F, M, and R) are used. Their UCS values are 0.870, 2.059, and 3.864 MPa, respectively, from Table 4. According to (20), the corresponding values of RMR on the three original broken rocks are calculated as 17.531, 12.421, and 22.551. When the UCS of the cement grout concretion was changed within 2 MPa~14 MPa (approximately corresponding to water cement ratio from 1.84 to 0.62), the relative strength for the three-type original broken rock is corresponding to 0.435~0.062, 1.030~0.147, and 1.932~0.276, respectively. We can get the growth of RMR from formula (23) for broken rock postgrouting reinforcement. Therefore, we can obtain the changing curves of the friction coefficient growth rate (see Figure 11) by formula (18) and the change curves of cohesion growth rate (see Figure 12) by formula (19) with the values of relative UCS of three-type broken rocks.

It can be shown from Figure 11 that there is a good agreement between the theoretical curves and test points on the cohesion growth rate of broken rock postgrouting reinforcement with the relative UCS. The three theoretical curves are among the test points.

It can be seen from Figure 12 that there is also a good agreement between the theoretical curves and test points on the growth rate of the friction coefficient for the broken rock postgrouting reinforcement. The distribution law of three theoretical curves is the same as the test data. The finer the particle of broken rock, the smaller the relative error between theoretical and test on broken rock postgrouting reinforcement.

It is shown by analyzing Figures 11 and 12 intuitively that the theoretical method to estimate the strength growth rate of broken rock postgrouting reinforcement established in this paper is reasonable and provides a new analysis approach for the design of engineering grouting reinforcement.

9. Concluding Remarks

This paper presents an investigation into quantifying strength growth estimations of post- to pregrouting broken rock. Using self-developed indoor pressure-grouting devices, we make cube test blocks of the different water cement ratio grouting into different particle sizes broken rock, having 95 of 19 groups in all. Five test schemes are developed to test the shear strength. They test, respectively, the shear strengths of grout concretion with different water cement ratio, of original broken rock of different particle size, and of fine, medium, and coarse particle broken rock grouting reinforcement concretion under different water cement ratio. The cohesion and internal friction coefficient of each group are obtained by the direct shear test. This paper presents a quantitative calculation method for predicting the strength growth of grouted broken rock mass. Relational equations were developed to investigate the relationship between the growth rates of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The relational equations between the growth rates of UCS, AUTS, the internal friction coefficient, and broken rock mass cohesion are determined based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion under low-level stress. Expressions for the growth rate of the internal friction coefficient and UCS for grouted broken rock and RMR progression throughout grouting () have been developed using the empirical equations of Aydan [12, 13]. Using test UCS data, the empirical relational expression between the growths rate of UCS for post- to pregrouting broken rock and the UCS of grout concretion has been determined. The results show that initial rock quality and grouting quality have a significant influence on the strength growth rate of rock mass, UCS, AUTS, internal friction coefficient, and broken rock mass cohesion. The strength growth rates of grouted broken rock mass decrease with increasing of initial RMR and increase with increasing of UCS of grout concretion. The growth rate of UCS is always greater than AUTS under the same conditions. The growth rate of cohesion is much higher than that of internal friction coefficient for the same conditions. The comparative analysis shows that the theoretical results of change rules on growth rate change of the cohesion and the internal friction coefficient for broken rock postgrouting reinforcement with the relative UCS are basically the same as the test rules. These findings are important for the engineered design of broken rock mass grouting reinforcement. The RMR-based method to predict the mechanical parameters of broken rock mass grouting reinforcement and the derived equations can be used effectively for engineering design of various broken rock mass engineering and for the determination of parameters in numerical analysis, which will reduce the calculation error. Based on previous studies [23, 24], RMR and Mohr-Coulomb parameters can be converted into GSI index, Q system, and Hoek-Brown parameters by further research. The self-developed pressure-grouting device allows the grouting test to be carried out in the laboratory and is simple in structure and easy to operate. It is worth to be extended to more geotechnical grouting test.

Abbreviations

:	Cohesion (MPa)
:	Internal friction angle
:	Internal friction coefficient
:	Normal stress acting on the failure plane
:	Maximum shear stress acting on the failure plane
:	Maximum principal stress in failure
:	Minimum principal stress in failure
:	Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS)
:	Absolute value of uniaxial tensile strength (AUTS)
:	Ratio of the AUTS to the UCS
:	UCS growth rate
:	Growth value of UCS
:	UCS of pre-grouting broken rock
:	UCS of post-grouting broken rock
:	AUTS growth rate
:	Growth value of AUTS
:	AUTS of pregrouting broken rock
:	AUTS of postgrouting broken rock
:	Cohesion growth rate
:	Growth value of the cohesion
:	Cohesion of pregrouting broken rock
:	Cohesion of postgrouting broken rock
:	Growth rate of internal friction coefficient
:	Growth value of internal friction coefficient
:	Internal friction coefficient of pregrouting broken rock
:	Internal friction coefficient of postgrouting broken rock
:	Ratio of the AUTS to the UCS of pre-grouting broken rock
:	Ratio of the AUTS to the UCS of post-grouting broken rock
:
:	Internal friction angle of pre-grouting broken rock
:	Internal friction angle of postgrouting broken rock
:	Relative UCS, that is, the ratio of the initial broken rock UCS to the grout concretion UCS
:	UCS of hardened cement grout concretion after 28 days
:	Rock mass rating
:	Growth value of RMR.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (BK20141067) for their financial support.

References

G. Lombardi, “Grouting of rock masses. Grouting and ground treatment,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Grouting and Ground Treatment, vol. GSP120, pp. 164–197, ASCE, New Orleans, La, USA, February 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Glossop, “The Invention and Development of Injection Processes Part I: 1902–1850,” Géotechnique, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 91–100, 1960.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. J. Li, X. H. Yang, and X. Z. Li, “Numerical simulation of earth pressure on tunnel considering backfill grouting,” Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 96–102, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Youn and F. Tonon, “Numerical analysis on post-grouted drilled shafts: a case study at the Brazo River Bridge, TX,” Computers & Geotechnics, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 456–465, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. A. Sellountou, The effects of construction on the behavior of Augered-Cast-in Place (ACIP) piles in Texas Gulf Coast Soil [Ph.D. thesis], Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, 2004.
F. Wang, C. Zhang, S. Wei, X. Zhang, and S. Guo, “Whole section anchor-grouting reinforcement technology and its application in underground roadways with loose and fractured surrounding rock,” Tunnelling & Underground Space Technology, vol. 51, pp. 133–143, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Z. He and X. H. Wang, “Study on parameters of grouting reinforced Rim during undersea tunnel,” Technology of Highway and Transport, no. 5, pp. 99–102, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Sharghi, H. Chakeri, and Y. Ozcelik, “Investigation into the effects of two component grout properties on surface settlements,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 63, pp. 205–216, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. L. Dai, X. Wang, G. X. Xie, and X. Y. Wang, “Theoretical model and solution for the rheological problem of anchor-grouting a soft rock tunnel,” International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 739–748, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Dai, W. Chen, H. Tian, J. Yang, X. Meng, and X. Deng, “Study of large deformation and support measures of daliang tunnel with soft surrounding rockmass,” Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 4149–4156, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
ISRM, “International society for rock mechanics commission on rock grouting,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstracts, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 803–847, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Kikuchi, T. Igari, Y. Mito, and S. Utsuki, “In situ experimental studies on improvement of rock masses by grouting treatment,” International journal of rock mechanics and mining sciences & geomechanics abstracts, vol. 34, no. 3-4, pp. 138.e1–138.e14, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. J. Yang and N. Zhang, “Study on the intrinsic model of broken rockmass after grouting reinforcement,” Metal Mine, no. 5, pp. 11–14, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Butrón, M. Axelsson, and G. Gustafson, “Silica sol for rock grouting: laboratory testing of strength, fracture behaviour and hydraulic conductivity,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 603–607, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Zolfaghari, A. Sohrabi Bidar, M. R. Maleki Javan, M. Haftani, and A. Mehinrad, “Evaluation of rock mass improvement due to cement grouting by Q-system at Bakhtiary dam site,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 74, pp. 38–44, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Tinoco, A. G. Correia, and P. Cortez, “A data mining approach for jet grouting uniaxial compressive strength prediction,” in Proceedings of the World Congress on Nature and Biologically Inspired Computing (NaBIC '09), pp. 553–558, December 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Akan, S. N. Keskin, and S. Uzundurukan, “Multiple Regression Model for the Prediction of Unconfined Compressive Strength of Jet Grout Columns,” Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, vol. 15, pp. 299–303, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Zhou, “Numerical simulation of the relationship of bearing capacity of post-grouting bored pile and grouting parameters,” Industrial Construction, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 60–63, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. T. Bieniawski, Engineering Rock Mass Classifications, Science Press, New York, NY, USA, 1989.
S. Swedenberg and L.-O. Dahlström, “Rock mechanics effects of cement grouting in hard rock masses,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference: Grouting and Ground Treatment, pp. 1089–1102, February 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
Ö. Aydan, R. Ulusay, and T. Kawamoto, “The assessment of rock mass strength for underground excavations,” in Proceedings of the 36th US Rock Mechanics Symposium, pp. 777–786, New York, NY, USA, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
Ö. Aydan and T. Kawamoto, “The assessment of mechanical properties of rock masses through RMR rock classification system,” in Proceedings of the ISRM International Symposium (GeoEng '00), vol. UW0926, Melbourne, Australia, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Masada and X. Han, “Rock mass classification system: transition from RMR to GSI,” Research Report, Ohio Research Institute for Transportation and the Environment, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Hoek, “Estimating Mohr-Coulomb friction and cohesion values from the Hoek-Brown failure criterion,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 227–229, 1990.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-F. Xu, H.-S. Geng, C.-F. Li, W. Chen, and C. Wang, “Estimating strength of grouting reinforced bodies in broken rock mass,” Yantu Gongcheng Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 2018–2022, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
H.-F. Xu, H.-S. Geng, W.-D. Li, and C. Wang, “Theory of strength increment of grouting-reinforced bodies for broken rock mass based on BQ,” Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1147–1151, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. C. Jaeger, N. G. W. Cook, and R. W. Zimmerman, Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, Blackwell, London, UK, 4th edition, 2007.

Copyright

Copyright © 2017 Hongfa Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1428

Downloads

912

Citations