Abstract
An analytical mobility model based on Erlang distribution is introduced to portray sparse and dense traffic scenarios in the distributions of time headway. Upon the mobility model, the connectivity probability is then derived in two-way highway when adopting store-forward strategy. Moreover, path losses with and without beamforming antenna array are compared to further study the connectivity under different traffic density scenarios. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of beamforming technology in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is investigated and concluded through analytical study and simulations.
1. Introduction
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are deployed along highways and local roads for exchanging traffic information among vehicles to achieve the enhanced safety and comfort [1]. Vehicles are connected via multiple technologies of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications based on Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth over 2.4 GHz and Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) over 5.9 GHz [2]. Network connectivity is an important topic for VANETs, and several metrics are adopted to portray the connectivity of vehicles in literatures [3, 4]. Two models are typically adopted in the study on connectivity: () mobility model and () channel model.
In general, it is not trivial to build an analytical mobility model to accurately describe the real-world vehicle behaviors under sparse and dense traffic [5]. To respond to this end, a queuing model based on Erlang distribution is adopted to depict the vehicle behavior, which is mathematically represented by the distribution of time headway.
In previous literatures, a unit disk channel model was commonly adopted where two vehicles are regarded as connected if their distance is less than a given threshold, otherwise not. Such a channel model is a way to be realistic since channel characteristics are decisive to the performance of vehicular system [6]. In this paper, path loss is calculated according to an enhanced channel model presented in this paper.
V2V communications exchange information among vehicles and help to reduce accidents and assuage congestion. Enhancing the vehicle connectivity for VANETs is quite meaningful. Currently, omnidirectional or wide beam antenna is widely used in Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, and DSRC terminals, whereas poor gain performance especially in long-distance scenarios becomes the vital fault. To solve this problem, beamforming antenna array is suggested in this paper to enhance connectivity of VANETs through adaptively adjusting radiated direction to achieve high gains and large coverages.
2. Related Work
A good number of mobility models for VANETs have been researched through analytical studies or experiments in the past. Some work assumes that distances between adjacent vehicles are exponentially distributed in both streets and other situations [7–9]. In [10], mobility model is approximated by an exponential distribution with parameters extracted from data captured on I-80 highway in California under sparse traffic. Those assumptions are reasonable when traffic is light, but they do not fit well with diverse traffic conditions. In [11], a Gaussian-exponential mixture model is proposed to characterize the distance between vehicles in a highway. In [12], mobility scenarios are defined by using a set of traces from traffic count on two highways around Madrid in Spain. This research indicates that mobility models changed by time during a day. Up until now, the suitability and accuracy of mobility model in the scale of days have not been presented in the past under sparse and dense traffic. Therefore, a new model is proposed to represent the distributions of time headway under diverse traffic in a scale ranging from hours to days. We adopt Erlang distribution which is presented by the distribution of the time headway, to depict the behavior of vehicles in sparse and dense scenarios [13, 14], evoked by the fact that Erlang model is used to characterize call holding time in communications networks [15, 16].
Moreover, some literatures simply adopt a unit disk channel model leading to oversimplified connection assumption between vehicles [8, 12]. In this paper, the free-space path loss model based on FRIIS equation is introduced to solve such an issue [17]. Meanwhile, some studies tried to improve connectivity as follows. In [18], the connectivity probability between vehicles and the infrastructure is improved through multihop broadcasting in infrastructure-based Vehicular Networks. Grouping vehicles into platoons is another approach to improve connectivity and reduce fuel consumption in [19]. In this paper, the improvement of the connectivity of VANETs is considered by employing beamforming antenna array on vehicles. Beamforming is a technique of signal directional transmission to achieve enhanced gain and enlarged coverage. It also benefits from power assumption and security. In [20], the impact of different antenna patterns on vehicular network is simulated in the contexts of collision avoidance.
To summarize, in this paper the mobility model is presented to portray diverse traffic density in a scale ranging from hours to days, and beamforming antenna array is considered to improve the connectivity of VANETs.
3. Systems Models
The mobility model and channel model used in this paper are described as follows.
3.1. Mobility Model
A mobility model based on Erlang distribution is introduced to present the distribution of the time headway, , as below. At first, the probability density function (PDF) of Erlang distribution is written aswhere is the rate of flow, a positive value, and also known as the reciprocal of the mean time headway. is the shape parameter, which is an integer. Different traffic density can be illustrated by corresponding values of . Its cumulative distribution function (CDF) can be expressed as
As an example, the PDFs with a mean time headway of s and are shown in Figure 1, where disperses from 1 s to 25 s and and 100 typically. As increases, the distribution varies from an exponential distribution to a normal distribution and converges around 10 s, gradually.
Figure 2 shows the corresponding CDFs and the CDFs approach to 1 at s when and s when . These curves show that the CDFs ascend abruptly at s in the case of a larger value of .
From Figures 1 and 2, we can observe that the mobility model with represents the sparse traffic, and the traffic becomes denser as increases. The mobility model also represents the traffic density from off-peak hours to rush hours.
3.2. Free-Space Path Loss Model
Free-space path loss model is adopted, which can be calculated as follows:where is the input of the receiving antenna, is the output power to the transmitting antenna, and are the antenna gains of the transmitting and receiving antennas respectively, and is the wavelength, and the distance, , between the antennas is calculated bywhere is the mean velocity of vehicles.
For simplicity, we assume that dB and (3) can be expressed further aswhere is the signal frequency and is the light speed. In general, can be expressed aswhere is antenna’s efficiency and is directivity. We further assume that . At transmitter, if isotropic antenna is used, at this moment. When beamforming antenna array is adopted, the gain of an antenna maximizes in its direction, resulting in . For example, the maximum value of is 1.64 (2.15 dB) for a half-wave dipole antenna.
The distance, , is used to as a reference for received power. (5) is thus rewritten as
The probability of received signal with a power level exceeding a threshold of is given aswhere can be calculated aswhere , where is time headway threshold, also known as communication range, and is the mean velocity of vehicles. The probability of that is computed from (7)–(9) aswhich is the connectivity probability between two vehicles spanned by a distance of .
4. Connectivity Analysis
The connectivity probability is mainly determined by traffic density and intervehicle time headway. Figure 3 demonstrates the mobility model in two-way highway where the total time is T and the westward highway is divided into time headway numbered as , respectively. Each is considered as independent of each other and the rate of flow .
In two-way highway, two vehicles may connect to each other with the help of the vehicle in neighboring lanes, if any, either in the same or opposite direction, which is illustrated in Figure 3 [21]. cannot connect with since . However, the vehicle in dark gray located within the distance of 2 centered at in the eastward lane can store and forward the messages to .
Moreover, beamforming antenna array with beam directions is adopted in each vehicle, which are presented to show individual signal paths in above mobility model, where represents the beam direction and is the maximum angle of scanning range for .
The vehicles on the eastward lane following Poisson distribution are assumed, and the probability that there are relay vehicles within is given bywhere is the arrival rate on the eastward highway.
The probability of that there are no relay vehicles arriving in the interval is obtained from (11)
By considering path loss, the computation of the connectivity probability becomes complicated as different segments have different probabilities varying with the distance. There are combinational cases for random connected segments in different segments.
Set A represents all series numbers of the time headway segments and the subset, , represents random series numbers of A. There are combinational cases for connected elements in different elements. That is, and , , where is an integer, , and . Each contains elements, and the number of is in each case. Set to represent unconnected segments. It is a complementary set of in the set A. That is or . The number of is in every , and each contains elements.
The connectivity probability is that there are segments that are connected and segments that are not connected, which can be given aswhere and are the series numbers of connected and unconnected segments. and are the corresponding distances of segments. is the probability of each one in connected segments in (10), and which is the probability of each one in unconnected segments, can be calculated by
According to Bernoulli trials, the connectivity probability in two-way highway can be derived as
5. Simulations and Analysis
Simulations are conducted to validate the above theoretical study, and the related parameters are listed in Table 1.
We assume that vehicles are randomly placed on a lane according to the Erlang distribution with and 100 typically, and the half-wave dipole antennas are chosen with the maximum gain of 2.15 dB.
Figures 4–7 illustrate the connectivity probability based on the above proposed models. The approximate connectivity probability calculated from (15) is expressed with solid and dashed lines, while simulation ones are expressed in discrete symbol. The simulation and analysis results of the connectivity probability are presented, which fit well where the values of shape parameter ( and 100) in Erlang mobility model and two values of the time headway ( s and s) are considered. The connectivity probability sharply grows with , and a moderate q is sufficient to attain reasonable performance.
In Figure 4, the value of a represents diverse traffic density. The connectivity probability achieves its lowest value in the case of which represents the sparse traffic. As increases, the traffic becomes denser gradually, and the connectivity probability grows.
In Figure 5, it is observed that the connectivity probability is all improved when adopting beamforming technology under different a. Beamforming antenna array is proven to be able to enhance connectivity and prolong connecting distance between adjacent vehicles.
In Figures 6 and 7, the connectivity in the case of s outperforms that in the case of s with or without beamforming. A large value of guarantees a well-connected network for various traffic densities than a small value of .
6. Conclusion
In this paper, the connectivity probability is researched in two-way highway when adopting beamforming antenna array. The Erlang mobility model can depict the behavior of vehicles in sparse and dense scenarios. The effort demonstrates that the rate of traffic flow as well as the time headway heavily impacts connectivity. On the other hand, the path loss among vehicle communication can be compensated by using beamforming antenna array, resulting in prolonged connection distance. The connectivity probability can be used as metric for relevant physical and network layer study in broad range of topics ranging from latency estimate to real-time routing.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by NSFC 61571282 and State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety RCS2017K012.