Optimal Design of Submarine Pipelines by a Genetic Algorithm with Embedded On-Bottom Stability Criteria

Table 2

Hard criteria and violation functions.

Hard criteria	Violation function
Interference with Level 2 and Level 3 obstacles; Severity: weight factor assigned to each level	(22)
Self-Crossing	(23)
Minimum length of straight sections; Activated whenever one or more straight sections have length lower than	(24)
Minimum radius of curvature; Activated whenever a curve has radius lower than	(25)
	(26)