Abstract
This paper proposes an approach for generating a set of isocurves as a representation for configuration space (CS) of a mechanism. An isocurve here is a curve in CS with some parameters fixed. Compared with conventional methods like box approximations, sampling points, and boundary tessellations, the isocurve-based representation has some advantages in space parameterization and data management. This approach directly formulates the joint loop equations in the form of kinematic matrices, which does not need any extra conversions and solves the equations with an isocurve-tracing method applying ODE solvers. Since the isocurves are connected in certain orders with the guide isocurves in a lower-dimensional space, tracing all the isocurves only needs one initial solution point for an isolated solution component. In addition, the proposed approach includes an interference-handling step, which trims off the collision portions of the isocurves by checking their feasibility according to the previously defined half-space constraints, and a measure for identifying the forward direction at singular points where the first-order derivatives vanish. The approach is implemented through programming and the results for a few examples show its effectiveness.
1. Introduction
The configuration of a part in mechanism is its position and orientation in a world coordinate system and the configuration variables for a single part are simply its three-position coordinates and three-orientation angles, which usually serve as its configuration representation [1]. Configuration space (CS) of a mechanism is a representation for all the feasible positions and orientations of all parts in the mechanism. Taking into account the motion constraints on closed chains and the collision-free requirements between different parts, the CS is often one or more regions of certain manifolds in a high-dimensional space [2] and it reflects overall kinematic characteristics of the mechanism. Usually, the CS coordinates are the kinematic parameters, its manifold dimensionality shows the degree of parameter coupling imposed by loop constraints, and its boundaries indicate the range of feasibility from interference-free requirements. Therefore, configuration space is frequently used in mechanical design for kinematical identification, function verification, and design optimization [1, 3]. Operation planning and control is another important application of configuration space after the design is finished [2, 4]. In this case, a subset of mechanism’s CS can be utilized to describe the feasible motion ranges or the reachable space of a specific point of the mechanism after considering its interference with environmental obstacles and other actuation requirements, which is known as workspace in robotics.
Generally, there exist three kinds of representation schemes for mechanism’s CS; they are box approximations, sampling points, and boundary tessellations. Box approximation methods, which describe the range of CS with a number of boxes with various sizes, are mostly adopted in the design research community because the workspace volume as an important performance metric can be calculated conveniently from this representation [5, 6]. Sampling points methods are often used in path planning area, in which the points randomly generated within CS together with the edges connecting them serve as a representation for the feasible configurations and their transition relations [7, 8]. The graph form of the sampling points representation is well suitable for the purpose of optimal path search and there is no special difficulty in handling higher-dimensional problems. Boundary tessellation methods that only focus on the positions of boundary points of CS are also preferred by some researchers [9, 10] because of their simplified target in generating the representation and probably more precise results. Although the above CS representations can support the functions in design and planning in some ways, they cannot meet the requirements in more sophisticated design analyses and process planning that involves frequent queries of the CS points, especially for the CSs trimmed from lower-dimensional manifolds in higher-dimensional spaces because the identification of each CS point requires solving nonlinear equations with a large number of unknowns. For example, when one is planning the motion of a complex parallel mechanism, he may need to frequently retrieve the neighboring CS points in order to identify an optimal motion step. In this case, the well-prepared CS representation can greatly reduce the computation cost spent on the CS point retrievals.
This paper proposes to represent a CS with a set of trimmed isocurves in certain orders. An isocurve here is a curve in the CS manifolds with some parameters fixed. Compared with the conventional methods mentioned above, the isocurve-based representation has some advantages in space parameterization and data management, and thus it is convenient for querying individual points in CS. However, identifying these points in large number needs efficient and precise algorithms for solving constraint equations.
There exists plenty of research work on solving constraints in mechanisms and a good brief review could be found in [11]. Generally, the approaches developed in the past can be classified into two categories: algebraic methods and numerical methods. The algebraic methods include the elimination method [12, 13] and the Gröebner basis method [14]. The methods have advantages in finding all the solutions with high precision, but they usually suffer from the difficulties emerging in implementation that involves the equation form conversion and symbolic computation. Most of the numerical methods reported in literature are the continuation method [15–17] and the interval-based methods [11, 18–20]; the latter is more frequently used in practical cases, which generate box approximations for a CS. To avoid missing a solution, the interval-based methods check all the boxes in a CS whether they include a solution point and then minimize the boxes to achieve an appropriate precision. Although the computation cost may not be low, the calculation process is relatively simple compared to approaches involving the inverse computations. Usually, the forward computations from CS to constraint function values are carried out with the interval arithmetics [11, 18]. But partially using the inverse computations, such as the extreme point identification with optimization approaches [19] and the region exclusion by checking proper conditions for branch-and-bound approaches [20], is helpful for improving the efficiency. Newton-Raphson method, as a popular numerical method for solving general nonlinear equations, was also used for solving constraints in mechanisms [21–23]. While it usually produces the solutions with higher precision compared to the interval-based methods, it can only identify the solutions point by point. In this paper, an ODE-based approach is proposed to obtain the isocurves in the solution space of mechanism constraints.
This paper is organized into seven sections. In Section 2, the concept and representation of isocurves for a CS are presented. After this, the formulas for the ODE-based approach that generates isocurves are derived in Section 3. Section 4 focuses on the method for trimming the isocurves with interference-free constraints, while Section 5 gives a second-order derivative approach for identifying the forward direction at singular points. Section 6 presents the computational results of three examples obtained with the proposed methods. Finally, the paper is ended with some conclusions and outlooks in Section 7.
2. Isocurve Representation for CS of Mechanism
For a given mechanism, let be the vector of motion parameters consisting of all its joint variables and assume that is constrained by equality constraints, which are mainly composed of the loop equations on all the closed kinematic chains. Then its configuration space without considering the collision-free requirement between parts in the mechanism isHere,is the real number set and is the p-dimensional space.
Partitionis, whereis the vector for active parameters whileis the vector composed of passive parameters. Here, active parameters are the motion parameters whose values can be changed independently while passive parameters are those whose values are determined by solving the equality constraints for given active parameters. Then, the domain of active parameters can be defined as follows:In addition, useto denote the set of-points in that are associated with a -pointin . For a given,consists of all the-points, made of , which satisfy the equality constraints. Generally,includes m points for a mechanism with m solution components.
For a fixed point , define the set extended fromby making its first k coordinates varying and the CS’s subset . An isocurve of is a curve which has all the active parameters fixed except one of them. Let be the variable active parameter and then the - at can be expressed withHere, defines the starting point of an isocurve whilegives its variable. It is worth noting that the isocurve variablemay not vary monotonically on the curve like the parameter of an ordinary parametric curve. Furthermore, we define to be an isocurve cluster, whereis called the guide of the cluster and it specifies all the starting points of the isocurves in. Actually,forms an isocurve representation of configuration space because
Therefore, , that is, , is represented with the-clusterat guide . Recursively,is represented with the-clusterat guide, and, finally,is represented with a single-at guide . Summarily, they areAccording to the above formulation, starting with a given feasible point or a point in, a hierarchical isocurve representation can be created in the order implied in (5). The representation mainly has three characteristics (see Figure 1): (1) it is parametric because the points incan be arranged in the hierarchical order; (2) the elemental entities of the representation are curves in; (3) the curves are grouped and connected in a specific way, which facilitates the generation and query of them.
(a) generated from
(b) generated from
(c) generated from
3. ODE-Based Approach for Isocurve Generation
Suppose thatrepresents the equality constraints for the mechanism under investigation. In detail, the equality constraintsare further divided into loop constraints and selection constraints. Here, m is the number of independent joint circuits in the mechanism, is the identity matrix, and is the motion matrix along the th closed chain, whereis atransformation matrix expressing the relative motion from part to Meanwhile, the selection constraintsare adopted here to express certain temporary preferences in the motion computation, like making a parameter equal to a fixed value. So, generally, there is
For an isocurve, there is a parametric expressionfor the solution ofwhen appropriate selection constraintsare imposed on some parameters. Fromfor variable t, there are and, where for and . The former is equivalent to , which can be expressed in the form of screws:The purpose of using the screw form here is to reduce the number of equations from 12 to 6; this is true for all the individual loop constraints of a mechanism because the constraint equations in a homogeneousmatrix are converted into the vector form for screws. The reduction of constraints is mainly due to the fact that the derivatives of the 12 constraints in matrix equationonly have 6 independent elements when they are expressed in the frame ofas . Assembling the equations for , we haveHere J is amatrix. For an appropriately defined isocurve that has only one DOF for expressing the point variation in the curve, the rank of J is and its one-dimensional null space can be obtained with the singular value decomposition. Usually, an appropriate isocurve is defined by specifying the right selection constraints. Suppose that the unit basis vector of its null space is d, which satisfies. Then the Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) for the isocurve isHere is a sign chosen to make the right sidechange continuously along the isocurve. Since the solutions obtained from a linear system solver forare two vectors , the choice of the solution’s sign is needed in order to ensure that the curve tracing is conducted in a consistent direction. In this research, is chosen at each step of the numerical calculation so that the inner product of the current with the one at the previous step is a positive value.
4. Trimming the Isocurves with Collision-Free Constraints
4.1. Interference-Free Constraint between Point and Convex Body
Construction of interference-free constraints is a complicated work and so we simplify the problem with some approximations (see Figure 2). Here, the interference-checking is made for a pair of parts and with relative motion , which could be an obstacle to avoid in space or a link of the mechanism. First, both of the parts are represented with a set of implicit functions that bound a region in the way , whereis a point coordinate defined in the part’s local coordinate frame. Second, both of the parts are approximated with a set of scattered points where are the points’ coordinates in ’s local frame. Then, the interference-free constraints between and are defined as follows:Here, is the transformation from ’s frame to ’s and gives the coordinates in the ’s frame for point . In addition, the coordinate transformation is composed of the joint matrices in the shortest joint chain connecting and .
For the example in Figure 2, constraintis constructed from the implicit functions of , the boundary points of , and the motion matrix transforming ’s coordinates to ’s. To apply the above constraints to some objects like nonconvex parts, which is difficult to be expressed with the intersections of half-spaces defined with a set of implicit functions, they should be decomposed into multiple convex bodies first and then the inequality constraints are created for each pair of convex bodies, respectively, belonging to the two parts under consideration. The one overall inequality constraint can be expressed as follows:
While the above proposed approach is generic in detecting collisions of parts in a mechanism, it suffers from some restrictions. For example, all the part surfaces need be expressed with implicit functions, concave parts should be decomposed into multiple convex bodies, and the checking points on part boundaries should be selected beforehand.
4.2. Interference-Free Constraint between Line Segment and Convex Body
Here, let us consider the interference-free constraint between a line segment and a convex body defined by . Suppose that the points on are expressed as and the constraint is formed according to (10) as follows:In the above formula, , , andis the transformation from the ’s local frame to that of the convex body. Since the part faces in industry are often planar or quadratic surfaces,are considered as linear or quadratic functions here, which can be expressed in the form . Therefore, the evaluation of the constraint function in (12) mainly includes the operations of identifying the upper-most curve segments among different . As shown in Figure 3, the upper-most curve segments in orange can be determined after calculating the intersection points (marked with circles) between different, which is trivial for linear or quadratic functions.
4.3. Calculating the Trimming Points on Feasible Domain Boundary
Suppose that an isocurveis solved from (9) and then it satisfies; that is, and . Taking into account the interference-free requirement and motion parameter ranges, the end points of the open feasible segments of the curve should be a solution of , which is defined by (11). Therefore, the trimming points can be obtained by solving . Usually, the equation can be solved with Newton-Raphson method, but since it is hard to calculate the derivative of , which is required by the method, we adopt the bisection method here. Assume that two consecutive points and satisfying and on the discrete expression of the isocurve are already detected. Then we search forthat makes , by iteratively subdividing the interval into two at the midpoint.
5. Handling the Singularity Issue
In the ODE approach for generating isocurves presented in Section 3, the dimension of ’s null space is supposed to be 1. But at singular points of a mechanism, this may not be true. One case is that additional infinitesimal motions in certain directions exist at a singular point, which makes the rank of less than . Another case is kinematotropic mechanisms [24] which have different finite motions in other directions at a singular point. So, the problem is to determine the forward direction at a point where is less than in solving (9). When is less than , its null space has two or more basis vectors for expressing the solution ofin the way . The forward direction at should satisfy the following conditions (see Figure 4): (1) should belong to the null space; that is,, whereare its basis vectors; (2) should be continuous with its previous forward direction on the curve, which requiresfor a small; (3) should represent a direction for finite motion that satisfies constraints.
In the above three conditions, the first two are easy to handle, but the last one is not. Here, a second-order derivative method is proposed to identify the finite motion direction in the linear combinations of two or more basis vectors. For simplicity, only one loop constraintinis considered here. From, there is , where. Furthermore, performing the second-order differential operation on the identity, the following can be obtained:
Let. Then , where and . Fromand , there is, where and the symmetric matrix at the right side is Let ; there areSince the right side of (15) is completely determined by the first-order derivative, the number of independent variables in the ’s second-order derivative is 3, and the total independent-variable number for the ’s second-order derivative is 6 after considering those in. In the way similar to the definition for the first-order screw,can be expressed with a skew symmetric matrix formed using the 6 independent second-order variablesas follows:where. In the above formulation, the second matrix is calculated from the first-order derivative while the first one is related to the second-order derivative in the way:
Afterare computed with ((16)-(17)), the matrixin (13) can be obtained for a given linear combinationof the null space basis vectors. When for all , thenis considered a finite motion direction in this research.
6. Examples
In this section, three examples are presented to show how the proposed approach can be used to generate the isocurve representation of configuration space of a mechanism, among which the first and third examples are planar mechanisms while the second one is a spatial mechanism.
6.1. Four-Stop Geneva Mechanism
The first example is a four-stop Geneva mechanism, which is shown in Figure 5. The mechanism is formed with three parts , , and , and it has three different motion phases, respectively, illustrated in Figures 5(b)–5(d). In the figure, symbols , , , , and represent the five motion parameters of the mechanism;and, respectively, denote the rotational motions of and with respect to , , and which are the rotational angles from to , respectively, for the first and second phases, andis the distance between the pin of and the center of at the first phase. The dimensions of the mechanism are, , , and.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
In the first phase, the mechanism has one loop whose matrix equation is . The equation is solved with the ODE approach presented in Section 3, and its solution is presented in Figure 6. In the figure, all the three horizontal axes are the sequence numbers of points on the isocurve while the vertical axes are the values of its individual coordinate components. The figure shows that the approach can generate the isocurve with a high accuracy; the matrix equation errors in the Frobenius norm are less thanand the larger errors occur at points where the curves have steeper slope. For example, the curve for parameter changes rapidly near the 25th and 250th points and then the errors there fluctuate severely. The second phase shown in Figure 5(c) has a smooth motion and its precision reaches as high as.
(a) Three-angle parameters curves
(b) Translational parameter curve
(c) The error
The third phase shown in Figure 5(d) has no loop constraints but it needs to handle the interference-free constraints. Here, the methods presented in Section 4 are used to generate its configuration space and the result is displayed in Figure 7. In this example, the point set for includes the 12 corner points on its outer boundary and its surface set has 9 half-space functions; they are the four arcs, the four small circles at outlets of the 4 slots and one big circle . Part is represented with two separate bodies for interference-checking; one is the C-shape area and the other is the circular pin with radius . So, it has two surface sets and two point sets whose points are sampled on their respective boundaries. In Figure 7, the interference-free areas are represented with straight-line isocurves and the end points of the lines exactly give the locations where and contact with each other.
The overall configuration space of the mechanism is a union of multiple domains in the 5-dimensional space of parameters , , , , and . Figures 8(a)–8(c) show the isocurve CS representation of phases 1 and 2, respectively, in the subspaces of,, and, where the red curves are for the CS of phase 1, the black are for phase 2, and the dashed lines show the CS domain adjacency relations. The two points connected with a dashed line represent the same position and orientation of the mechanism, belonging to different phases as a transitional state or different periods in cyclic motions separated by this point. In addition, Figures 8(d) and 8(e) give the CS for phases 1 and 3, respectively, in subspaces and, where the blue lines are for phase 3. The final subfigure in Figure 8 presents the CS for phases 2 and 3 in , and it can be seen that the projection of the CS of phase 2 on subspaceis completely included in the CS of phase 3, which means that phase 2 can be looked as constrained states of phase 3 and represented with one more parameter.
(a) CS of phases 1 and 2 in
(b) CS of phases 1 and 2 in
(c) CS of phases 1 and 2 in
(d) CS of phases 1 and 3 in
(e) CS of phases 1 and 3 in
(f) CS of phases 2 and 3 in
Finally, the CS for all the three phases can be represented with isocurves in the same space; Figure 9 gives this representation in, which shows the complete feasible configurations and their transitional relations of the mechanism.
6.2. Chain R-C-R-C
The second example is the mechanism of chain R-C-R-C (see Figure 10), which is well known as a kinematotropic mechanism [24]. It is composed of four link parts with their dimension parameters and and four joints, ,, and, whereand, respectively, are rotational and transitional joint parameters. Thus, its motion parameter vector is. The mechanism has only one loop and its loop constraint is easy to construct after the local coordinate frames for each parts are determined. The difficulty comes from the change of the number for active parameters.
(a) Links and their joint parameters
(b) Configuration space in
Starting with a given initial point where the Jacobian matrix of the equations has two zero-singular values, the loop equations can be solved with the ODE method developed in Section 3 after one selection constraintis added, whereis the fixed value for one isocurve, and its isocurve representation of the solution can be obtained as the plane of shown in Figure 10(b). However, if the singular values on the plane are checked exactly, it can be found that the number of zero-singular values at configurationbecomes three. This corresponds to the state shown in Figure 10(a), in which the mechanism has mobility with parameters , and. Figure 11 shows the distributions of nonzero-singular values on the CS plane -. Since the parameter number is 6, the number of nonzero singular values should be 4 for two active parameters, but it can be seen in Figure 11(d) that the fourth-singular value becomes zero at point , which indicates that the mechanism may have another DOF there.
(a) The first-singular value
(b) The second-singular value
(c) The third-singular value
(d) The fourth-singular value
Similarly, if we start with an initial point where the Jacobian matrix of the equations has one zero-singular value, a single line CS can be obtained as the vertical line at shown in Figure 10(b). However, an exact checking of the singular value distribution on the CS line shows that there are three zero-singular values at (see Figure 12). Please note that the green curve for the second-singular value does not reach zero at though it has a small value there. So, the singular value distributions indicate that the mechanism may have two other DOFs at .
(a)
(b)
(c)
Although the singular value decomposition (SVD) of Jacobian matrix can identify the singular configuration and its number of additional DOFs for infinitesimal motions, it cannot give the directions of the additional finite motions. For example, when the singular point is found during generating the isocurves on the plane -, we need to determine the additional finite motion direction; in fact, it is in. Here, we use the second-derivative method presented in Section 5 for this purpose. For matrixin (13) for, the value distribution of each element on the surface of unit sphere at is evaluated (see Figure 13), where the directions on the sphere are parameterized withand(see Figures 14(a) and 14(b)). Actually, for point and the three basis vectors of the null space of the Jacobian matrix at can be obtained as . Then, the vector on the sphere has the form .
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a) Direction representation
(b) Finite motion directions marked on the q34 surface
(c) Contours of
(d) Surface of
In order to show the direction with , we use the following measure:Figure 14(c) shows the contours of while Figure 14(d) gives its surface graph. It can be seen from the figure that for the linesandwhere. In addition, the figure also clearly indicates that at the directions ofand. So, they represent the forward and backward directions for the additional finite motion DOF, respectively.
6.3. 3-RPR Parallel Mechanism
The third example is a 3-RPR parallel mechanism whose notations of links and joints are shown in Figure 15. The side length of the equilateral triangular platform is 100, the three slideway parts have a length of 60, and the three legs have the maximum length 600 and the minimum length 60. The mechanism includes 8 link parts , 9 joints with motion parameters , , and , and two independent loops; here loops and are chosen as the independent loops to construct loop constraints. In addition to the 9 parameters, we also use three nonjoint parameters , and, which describe the location of platform relative to the frame of the fixed part . Based on the above notations, the parameter vector is defined as, and the two loop constraints arewhere The equality constraints also include three additional equations that define the nonjoint parameters:where, , , andis the -element of matrix . The interference-free constraints include that the three legs should not intersect with each other, the triangular platform is only allowed to move within the rectangular area of , and the legs should not interfere with the platform. In order to create these constraints, the methods presented in Section 4 for point-body and line-body interference-free requirements are utilized here.
Based on the SVD analysis on, it can be found that there are three active parameters. Here, we choose the active parameters as, and then the passive parameters are. Furthermore, there areThen, we fix the three parametersto some given values and use the Newton-Raphson method to find an initial feasible pointthat satisfies all the above equality constraints: = (4.7286089012212, 2.3792141800824, 0.412318887062, 280.0, 224.0, 224.0, −2.1577111209578, −0.1908158279374, 2.1585788932014, 235.5134599227698, 131.003318949172, 2.5696410780740).
Starting with the initial point, represented by andas notated in Section 2, the isocurveas the guide curve is generated using the ODE approach. Actually, here. Using a series of points on the guide curve as starting points, a cluster of isocurvescan be generated, which serve as an approximate representation for the guide surface; hereand. The above results are shown in Figure 16. Finally, the isocurvesfor representation of the entire configuration space can be generated starting with a set of discrete points on the isocurve representation of the guide surface; this is, where and.
The isocurves in are 12-dimensional curves, and their visualizations can only be realized in a space with 2 or 3 dimensions. Figure 17 shows the isocurves in the space ofafter making the projectionand transformation . Here,is transformed toin order to eliminate the visual discontinuity at, in the space of. The end points of the isocurves indicate the locations where certain interferences occur between the link parts. Figure 18 shows the CS boundary formed from these points in two different views, where the green curves displays the interference places at individual CS section surfaces.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
The results of the proposed approach include the detailed information about all the parameter values, and thus projections of the isocurves on various subspaces can be visualized conveniently. Figure 19 presents a section surface of at in the subspaces of, , , and , where Figure 19(a) clearly shows the interference-free range of the driving joint parameters and when is fixed at that value, while Figures 19(b)–19(d) present the mappings of the area in other parameter spaces.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Many spatial parallel mechanisms have a similar topology to the 3-RPR except they usually have more DOFs and the interferences should be checked in 3D space. For example, the spatial parallel mechanisms 3P-S-S/S and 3S-P-S/S, which are studied in [25], are also actuated via three prismatic joints and have three leg chains as well to support a platform. Actually, the isocurve generations for the mechanisms each only involve two equality matrix equations for their joint loops like the 3-RPR, but their DOFs include 4 more rotations. If the position and orientation of the platform are taken into account, they totally have 6 more DOFs. Besides the DOF difference, the interference checking of the spatial mechanisms would take much more time for the evaluations of ((11)-(12)). Nevertheless, the constructions of the equations may not have special difficulties because the 3D shapes of their link parts are relatively simple, mainly involving cylinders, spheres, and cubes. Once the isocurve representations for their CSs are generated, the mappings between their three prismatic actuation parameters and other joint or configuration parameters can be created. Just like what illustrated in Figure 19, the mappings can help planning the motions of the spatial parallel mechanisms by providing the detailed information of the feasible configuration points and their neighbors.
7. Conclusions
Configuration space is a vital tool for reachability checking and path planning when its points can be retrieved conveniently. However, conventional CS representations like box approximations, sampling points, and boundary tessellations do not organize the points in a structured format and hence they have difficulty supporting frequent queries of the CS points. Especially, when CS is a trimmed region on a lower-dimensional manifold of high-dimensional space, the cost of the point computation is high but the conventional methods fail to provide accurate or detailed information of the points. To address this issue, this paper proposes an isocurve representation for configuration space and its generation algorithm.
In this research, the configuration points in a CS are represented with a cluster of curves in the motion parameter space of the mechanism. To generate the representation, three novel techniques are developed. First, the isocurve-tracing method for the homogeneous transformation matrix equations is presented on the basis of common ODE solvers. Second, a half-space approach is proposed to define interference-free constraints. Third, a measure with the second-order derivatives of the matrix equations is given to identify the forward direction of isocurve at singular points.
The advantages of the isocurve method are mainly reflected in two aspects: (1) the accurate CS points on manifolds can be generated efficiently with the isocurve-tracing method, which not only identifies the points in one isocurve with low computation cost but also traces to the points of other isocurves in the same connected solution component; (2) the points in CS are parameterized by isocurves and the isocurves are further organized in the hierarchical order from their lower-dimensional guide spaces to higher ones, which facilitates the retrieval of CS points.
Although the proposed method is novel and has advantages in some aspects, it still needs to be improved in certain ways. First, we have not elaborated upon the issue of how to choose the stepsizes or distances between the isocurves for a better approximation to the whole CS. Second, the calculated isocurve endpoints can only give somewhat rough representation for CS boundary. Third, the issue of initial point generation, especially for multiple disconnected solution components, is not addressed here. All of these issues could be addressed in the future research along this direction.
Nomenclature
| Vector of joint motion parameters of a mechanism | |
| Vector of active parameters in | |
| Vector of passive parameters in | |
| Equality constraints of a mechanism | |
| Manifold satisfying | |
| Domain of active parameters | |
| Set of -points associated with a -point through | |
| : | A given -point in |
| : | A subset of -points in , whose coordinates are fixed as the values of |
| : | Set of -points associated with -points in through |
| : | An isocurve starting with and taking as variable parameter |
| : | A cluster of isocurves starting with points in guide and taking as variable parameter |
| : | Transformation matrix expressing the relative motion from component to |
| : | Transformation matrix on the th independent joint circuits |
| Selection constraints specifying which parameters are fixed | |
| Jacobian matrix of | |
| Unit basis vector of the null space of matrix | |
| Sign chosen to make change continuously along the isocurve | |
| : | Set of implicit functions defining part faces of component , where |
| : | Set of vertex points for component |
| : | Interference-free constraints between component and |
| : | Screw of matrix with respect to parameter |
| : | Second-order screw of matrix with respect to parameters and |
| : | Skew symmetric matrix expression for the ’s derivative with respect to parameter |
| : | Second-order derivative of with respect to parameters and . |
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. In addition, the authors also confirm that the mentioned received funding in the Acknowledgments did not lead to any conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 51475186, 51775202, and 51375186).