Experimental Combined Numerical Approach for Evaluation of Battery Capacity Based on the Initial Applied Stress, the Real-Time Stress, Charging Open Circuit Voltage, and Discharging Open Circuit Voltage

Table 2

load applied (kg)	stress measured (kg)	discharge OPC voltage(V)	charge OPC voltage	capacity (Ah)	cycle (n)
3	5.175	3.433	4.173	2.475	1
3	5.233	3.437	4.172	2.478	2
3	5.283	3.430	4.176	2.480	3
3	5.312	3.435	4.177	2.477	4
3	5.358	3.434	4.175	2.468	5
3	5.399	3.431	4.174	2.501	6
3	5.416	3.434	4.175	2.489	7
3	5.358	3.433	4.170	2.480	8
3	5.399	3.441	4.171	2.473	9
3	5.416	3.432	4.177	2.523	10
3	5.441	3.438	4.169	2.497	11
3	5.482	3.440	4.182	2.487	12
3	5.515	3.440	4.182	2.483	13
3	5.534	3.434	4.181	2.519	14
3	5.552	3.431	4.182	2.506	15
3	5.573	3.433	4.182	2.499	16
3	5.600	3.433	4.184	2.495	17
3	5.617	3.428	4.184	2.523	18
3	5.615	3.429	4.184	2.512	19
3	5.642	3.430	4.184	2.506	20
3	5.660	3.431	4.184	2.502	21
3	5.677	3.428	4.184	2.518	22
3	5.673	3.426	4.184	2.525	23
3	5.695	3.428	4.185	2.517	24
3	5.706	3.429	4.184	2.512	25
3	5.724	3.426	4.184	2.525	26
3	5.704	3.422	4.184	2.542	27
3	5.718	3.425	4.185	2.529	28
3	5.731	3.427	4.185	2.522	29
3	5.751	3.427	4.185	2.519	30
3	5.741	3.422	4.184	2.540	31
3	5.751	3.425	4.185	2.528	32
3	5.749	3.426	4.185	2.520	33
3	5.760	3.427	4.185	2.514	34
3	5.768	3.421	4.184	2.539	35
3	5.758	3.423	4.185	2.530	36
3	5.770	3.425	4.185	2.523	37
3	5.778	3.426	4.185	2.516	38
3	5.793	3.422	4.184	2.535	39
3	5.766	3.421	4.185	2.537	40
3	5.785	3.423	4.185	2.529	41
3	5.797	3.424	4.185	2.523	42
3	5.807	3.423	4.185	2.525	43
3	5.805	3.423	4.184	2.528	44
3	5.811	3.424	4.185	2.524	45
3	5.820	3.425	4.185	2.517	46
3	5.828	3.424	4.184	2.522	47
3	5.824	3.415	4.184	2.548	48
3	5.816	3.420	4.185	2.535	49
3	5.826	3.423	4.185	2.524	50
3	5.834	3.424	4.184	2.519	51
3	5.836	3.416	4.184	2.544	52
3	5.822	3.419	4.185	2.536	53
3	5.832	3.420	4.185	2.533	54
3	5.838	3.423	4.185	2.523	55
3	5.851	3.419	4.185	2.535	56
3	5.836	3.421	4.185	2.528	57
3	5.849	3.424	4.185	2.516	58
3	5.855	3.425	4.184	2.509	59
3	5.869	3.423	4.184	2.517	60
3	5.853	3.420	4.184	2.528	61
3	5.859	3.423	4.185	2.518	62
3	5.865	3.425	4.185	2.509	63
3	5.869	3.425	4.185	2.509	64
3	5.857	3.419	4.184	2.529	65
3	5.859	3.421	4.185	2.524	66
3	5.863	3.422	4.185	2.519	67
3	5.867	3.423	4.185	2.515	68
3	5.865	3.416	4.184	2.536	69
3	5.849	3.417	4.185	2.534	70
3	5.855	3.419	4.185	2.530	71
3	5.859	3.420	4.185	2.525	72
3	5.874	3.420	4.185	2.525	73
3	5.859	3.420	4.185	2.526	74
3	5.863	3.421	4.185	2.520	75
3	5.867	3.421	4.185	2.519	76
3	5.869	3.421	4.185	2.517	77
3	5.869	3.422	4.185	2.515	78
3	5.863	3.421	4.186	2.517	79
3	5.865	3.422	4.185	2.512	80
3	5.869	3.423	4.184	2.507	81
3	5.874	3.423	4.184	2.505	82
3	5.872	3.424	4.184	2.500	83
3	5.874	3.425	4.184	2.498	84
3	5.878	3.426	4.184	2.495	85
3	5.880	3.425	4.184	2.496	86
3	5.876	3.425	4.184	2.495	87
3	5.878	3.426	4.184	2.494	88
3	5.876	3.426	4.184	2.493	89
3	5.878	3.426	4.184	2.493	90
3	5.872	3.426	4.184	2.488	91
3	5.882	3.429	4.183	2.474	92
3	5.892	3.432	4.183	2.463	93
3	5.898	3.433	4.183	2.453	94
3	5.898	3.434	4.183	2.448	95
3	5.903	3.435	4.183	2.443	96
3	5.911	3.436	4.183	2.437	97
3	5.911	3.437	4.182	2.435	98
3	5.894	3.431	4.183	2.463	99
3	5.894	3.433	4.183	2.451	100
3	5.898	3.434	4.183	2.447	101
3	5.903	3.435	4.183	2.440	102
3	5.896	3.429	4.182	2.469	103
3	5.878	3.430	4.183	2.467	104
3	5.890	3.432	4.183	2.456	105
3	5.894	3.434	4.183	2.444	106
3	5.901	3.432	4.182	2.456	107
3	5.880	3.429	4.183	2.467	108
3	5.890	3.432	4.183	2.455	109
3	5.896	3.434	4.183	2.445	110
3	5.903	3.434	4.183	2.445	111
3	5.884	3.428	4.182	2.470	112
3	5.884	3.431	4.183	2.456	113
3	5.892	3.433	4.183	2.449	114
3	5.894	3.433	4.183	2.445	115
3	5.882	3.427	4.183	2.476	116
3	5.874	3.429	4.183	2.465	117
3	5.880	3.430	4.183	2.459	118
3	5.886	3.431	4.183	2.453	119
6	8.105	3.437	4.178	2.539	1
6	8.145	3.438	4.177	2.524	2
6	8.176	3.436	4.178	2.533	3
6	8.184	3.434	4.178	2.532	4
6	8.207	3.433	4.178	2.534	5
6	8.234	3.433	4.178	2.529	6
6	8.240	3.430	4.179	2.547	7
6	8.248	3.428	4.179	2.551	8
6	8.271	3.429	4.179	2.546	9
6	8.290	3.429	4.179	2.540	10
6	8.302	3.424	4.179	2.560	11
6	8.314	3.426	4.179	2.551	12
6	8.327	3.427	4.179	2.543	13
6	8.339	3.428	4.179	2.540	14
6	8.346	3.428	4.179	2.540	15
6	8.352	3.428	4.179	2.539	16
6	8.362	3.428	4.179	2.535	17
6	8.372	3.428	4.179	2.535	18
6	8.375	3.425	4.179	2.543	19
6	8.381	3.426	4.179	2.538	20
6	8.389	3.427	4.179	2.534	21
6	8.395	3.426	4.179	2.538	22
6	8.420	3.425	4.179	2.539	23
6	8.420	3.425	4.179	2.537	24
6	8.424	3.426	4.179	2.537	25
6	8.437	3.427	4.179	2.533	26
6	8.468	3.432	4.179	2.507	27
6	8.476	3.433	4.179	2.501	28
6	8.482	3.434	4.179	2.494	29
6	8.484	3.436	4.178	2.482	30
6	8.491	3.439	4.178	2.472	31
6	8.493	3.440	4.178	2.463	32
6	8.493	3.442	4.177	2.451	33
6	8.484	3.441	4.178	2.457	34
6	8.491	3.440	4.178	2.458	35
6	8.493	3.441	4.177	2.453	36
6	8.493	3.441	4.178	2.449	37
6	8.484	3.434	4.178	2.485	38
6	8.488	3.436	4.178	2.478	39
6	8.497	3.437	4.178	2.470	40
6	8.488	3.437	4.178	2.470	41
6	8.497	3.431	4.179	2.503	42
6	8.493	3.434	4.178	2.483	43
6	8.486	3.437	4.178	2.473	44
6	8.497	3.435	4.178	2.480	45
6	8.503	3.435	4.179	2.482	46
6	8.499	3.431	4.181	2.481	47
6	8.509	3.432	4.180	2.472	48
6	8.513	3.432	4.180	2.474	49
6	8.515	3.430	4.181	2.482	50
6	8.513	3.432	4.180	2.469	51
6	8.520	3.433	4.180	2.465	52
6	8.522	3.431	4.180	2.475	53
6	8.528	3.425	4.181	2.503	54
6	8.526	3.428	4.181	2.491	55
6	8.520	3.429	4.181	2.485	56
6	8.520	3.428	4.181	2.489	57
6	8.528	3.421	4.182	2.516	58
6	8.511	3.425	4.181	2.500	59
6	8.513	3.426	4.181	2.494	60
6	8.513	3.428	4.181	2.488	61
6	8.522	3.422	4.181	2.510	62
6	8.517	3.426	4.181	2.493	63
6	8.507	3.428	4.181	2.485	64
6	8.513	3.429	4.180	2.480	65
6	8.517	3.422	4.181	2.506	66
6	8.522	3.425	4.181	2.494	67
6	8.513	3.427	4.181	2.490	68
6	8.513	3.428	4.181	2.482	69
6	8.517	3.421	4.181	2.507	70
6	8.520	3.424	4.181	2.497	71
6	8.501	3.425	4.181	2.492	72
6	8.507	3.426	4.181	2.487	73
6	8.509	3.425	4.181	2.494	74
6	8.513	3.425	4.181	2.491	75
6	8.507	3.426	4.181	2.489	76
6	8.503	3.428	4.181	2.482	77
6	8.505	3.422	4.181	2.503	78
6	8.513	3.422	4.181	2.500	79
6	8.482	3.425	4.181	2.489	80
6	8.486	3.427	4.180	2.481	81
6	8.493	3.422	4.180	2.499	82
6	8.499	3.422	4.181	2.502	83
6	8.470	3.424	4.181	2.494	84
6	8.480	3.426	4.181	2.484	85
6	8.476	3.423	4.180	2.492	86
6	8.493	3.423	4.181	2.494	87
6	8.470	3.426	4.180	2.480	88
6	8.476	3.428	4.180	2.474	89
6	8.484	3.426	4.180	2.481	90
6	8.491	3.424	4.180	2.490	91
6	8.466	3.426	4.180	2.479	92
6	8.472	3.428	4.180	2.471	93
6	8.476	3.426	4.180	2.480	94
6	8.486	3.424	4.181	2.490	95
6	8.462	3.425	4.180	2.485	96
6	8.464	3.426	4.181	2.481	97
6	8.464	3.426	4.180	2.478	98
6	8.462	3.419	4.181	2.501	99
6	8.462	3.422	4.181	2.492	100
6	8.441	3.423	4.180	2.488	101
6	8.443	3.424	4.180	2.484	102
6	8.445	3.424	4.181	2.484	103
6	8.457	3.423	4.181	2.487	104
6	8.439	3.424	4.180	2.483	105
6	8.439	3.424	4.180	2.481	106
6	8.439	3.425	4.180	2.478	107
6	8.449	3.423	4.181	2.485	108
6	8.362	3.424	4.181	2.483	109
6	8.358	3.425	4.180	2.477	110
6	8.358	3.425	4.180	2.473	111
6	8.358	3.426	4.181	2.470	112
6	8.360	3.427	4.180	2.467	113
6	8.360	3.427	4.180	2.463	114
6	8.362	3.427	4.180	2.466	115
6	8.360	3.427	4.180	2.465	116
6	8.358	3.427	4.180	2.464	117
6	8.358	3.428	4.180	2.463	118
6	8.356	3.428	4.180	2.462	119
6	8.354	3.428	4.180	2.459	120
6	8.348	3.431	4.180	2.442	121
6	8.358	3.433	4.179	2.431	122
6	8.366	3.435	4.179	2.420	123
6	8.375	3.436	4.180	2.419	124
6	8.375	3.437	4.179	2.408	125
6	8.381	3.438	4.179	2.403	126
6	8.383	3.437	4.178	2.410	127
6	8.387	3.433	4.179	2.424	128
6	8.366	3.435	4.179	2.417	129
6	8.372	3.436	4.178	2.410	130
6	8.375	3.436	4.178	2.412	131
6	8.377	3.430	4.179	2.442	132
6	8.358	3.433	4.179	2.427	133
6	8.366	3.434	4.179	2.418	134
6	8.368	3.436	4.179	2.411	135
6	8.358	3.430	4.179	2.437	136
6	8.354	3.433	4.179	2.427	137
6	8.362	3.435	4.179	2.416	138
6	8.370	3.437	4.179	2.405	139
6	8.360	3.431	4.179	2.432	140
6	8.348	3.432	4.179	2.427	141
6	8.354	3.434	4.179	2.419	142
6	8.358	3.436	4.179	2.411	143
6	8.356	3.430	4.180	2.437	144
6	8.337	3.430	4.180	2.436	145
6	8.346	3.431	4.179	2.430	146
6	8.352	3.433	4.180	2.423	147
6	8.312	3.429	4.179	2.441	148
9	10.608	3.439	4.178	2.548	1
9	10.608	3.439	4.178	2.534	2
9	10.691	3.437	4.178	2.544	3
9	10.755	3.436	4.179	2.541	4
9	10.770	3.434	4.178	2.546	5
9	10.761	3.434	4.178	2.542	6
9	10.691	3.429	4.179	2.566	7
9	10.755	3.428	4.180	2.570	8
9	10.770	3.428	4.180	2.567	9
9	10.803	3.429	4.179	2.562	10
9	10.822	3.424	4.180	2.580	11
9	10.830	3.425	4.180	2.571	12
9	10.834	3.426	4.180	2.566	13
9	10.803	3.427	4.179	2.562	14
9	10.822	3.427	4.179	2.562	15
9	10.830	3.427	4.179	2.560	16
9	10.834	3.428	4.180	2.559	17
9	10.832	3.427	4.179	2.559	18
9	10.844	3.425	4.180	2.565	19
9	10.834	3.426	4.179	2.561	20
9	10.840	3.426	4.180	2.560	21
9	10.846	3.424	4.180	2.566	22
9	10.853	3.424	4.180	2.564	23
9	10.855	3.425	4.180	2.562	24
9	10.838	3.425	4.180	2.561	25
9	10.824	3.429	4.180	2.547	26
9	10.853	3.430	4.179	2.539	27
9	10.855	3.432	4.179	2.530	28
9	10.838	3.433	4.179	2.522	29
9	10.836	3.435	4.179	2.510	30
9	10.838	3.437	4.199	2.505	31
9	10.832	3.438	4.178	2.497	32
9	10.824	3.440	4.178	2.485	33
9	10.836	3.439	4.178	2.487	34
9	10.838	3.439	4.178	2.484	35
9	10.832	3.440	4.178	2.479	36
9	10.824	3.441	4.177	2.475	37
9	10.822	3.433	4.178	2.515	38
9	10.817	3.434	4.178	2.508	39
9	10.766	3.436	4.178	2.502	40
9	10.778	3.434	4.178	2.509	41
9	10.822	3.430	4.178	2.529	42
9	10.817	3.433	4.179	2.513	43
9	10.766	3.436	4.179	2.502	44
9	10.778	3.433	4.178	2.516	45
9	10.770	3.431	4.179	2.508	46
9	10.774	3.430	4.179	2.509	47
9	10.813	3.431	4.181	2.503	48
9	10.803	3.428	4.181	2.519	49
9	10.807	3.429	4.181	2.514	50
9	10.805	3.431	4.181	2.507	51
9	10.811	3.431	4.181	2.503	52
9	10.803	3.427	4.181	2.521	53
9	10.784	3.424	4.181	2.532	54
9	10.805	3.426	4.182	2.524	55
9	10.811	3.428	4.181	2.517	56
9	10.803	3.421	4.181	2.540	57
9	10.784	3.421	4.181	2.543	58
9	10.790	3.423	4.182	2.534	59
9	10.759	3.425	4.181	2.523	60
9	10.784	3.422	4.181	2.536	61
9	10.790	3.422	4.181	2.535	62
9	10.759	3.427	4.181	2.519	63
9	10.764	3.429	4.181	2.509	64
9	10.772	3.424	4.181	2.527	65
9	10.768	3.424	4.181	2.527	66
9	10.745	3.426	4.181	2.519	67
9	10.730	3.428	4.181	2.511	68
9	10.735	3.424	4.181	2.527	69
9	10.749	3.423	4.181	2.530	70
9	10.716	3.425	4.181	2.524	71
9	10.726	3.426	4.182	2.517	72
9	10.732	3.425	4.181	2.519	73
9	10.712	3.425	4.181	2.520	74
9	10.710	3.425	4.181	2.517	75
9	10.703	3.427	4.181	2.510	76
9	10.708	3.423	4.181	2.523	77
9	10.679	3.422	4.181	2.530	78
9	10.672	3.425	4.181	2.517	79
9	10.674	3.427	4.181	2.510	80
9	10.691	3.423	4.181	2.523	81
9	10.662	3.421	4.181	2.529	82
9	10.674	3.423	4.181	2.520	83
9	10.677	3.426	4.181	2.510	84
9	10.687	3.423	4.181	2.519	85
9	10.654	3.423	4.181	2.519	86
9	10.660	3.426	4.181	2.506	87
9	10.662	3.429	4.180	2.498	88
9	10.679	3.425	4.181	2.508	89
9	10.631	3.424	4.181	2.514	90
9	10.654	3.426	4.181	2.503	91
9	10.645	3.428	4.180	2.495	92
9	10.664	3.425	4.181	2.507	93
9	10.645	3.423	4.181	2.513	94
9	10.641	3.424	4.181	2.508	95
9	10.658	3.426	4.181	2.504	96
9	10.610	3.425	4.181	2.505	97
9	10.621	3.420	4.181	2.525	98
9	10.627	3.422	4.181	2.517	99
9	10.641	3.423	4.181	2.512	100
9	10.610	3.424	4.181	2.511	101
9	10.623	3.421	4.181	2.517	102
9	10.612	3.421	4.181	2.516	103
9	10.631	3.422	4.181	2.513	104
9	10.612	3.422	4.181	2.513	105
9	10.610	3.423	4.181	2.509	106
9	10.616	3.422	4.181	2.511	107
9	10.631	3.424	4.181	2.507	108
9	10.602	3.424	4.181	2.503	109
9	10.612	3.425	4.181	2.501	110
9	10.614	3.425	4.181	2.498	111
9	10.629	3.426	4.181	2.493	112
9	10.600	3.427	4.180	2.491	113
9	10.602	3.426	4.180	2.491	114
9	10.569	3.426	4.180	2.491	115
9	10.571	3.427	4.180	2.489	116
9	10.575	3.427	4.181	2.489	117
9	10.573	3.426	4.181	2.492	118
9	10.577	3.430	4.181	2.474	119
9	10.575	3.432	4.180	2.462	120
9	10.571	3.434	4.180	2.452	121
9	10.569	3.435	4.180	2.446	122
9	10.567	3.436	4.179	2.440	123
9	10.569	3.437	4.179	2.433	124
9	10.579	3.438	4.179	2.426	125
9	10.583	3.432	4.179	2.457	126
9	10.589	3.434	4.180	2.443	127
9	10.592	3.435	4.179	2.440	128
9	10.594	3.437	4.179	2.433	129
9	10.587	3.430	4.179	2.465	130
9	10.583	3.432	4.180	2.455	131
9	10.567	3.434	4.180	2.445	132
9	10.575	3.436	4.180	2.436	133
9	10.583	3.431	4.180	2.459	134
9	10.577	3.432	4.180	2.453	135
9	10.569	3.434	4.180	2.443	136
9	10.575	3.436	4.180	2.432	137
9	10.579	3.432	4.179	2.454	138
9	10.563	3.432	4.180	2.454	139
9	10.571	3.433	4.180	2.446	140
9	10.573	3.435	4.180	2.437	141
9	10.575	3.430	4.179	2.459	142
9	10.558	3.429	4.180	2.463	143
9	10.563	3.431	4.180	2.456	144
9	10.569	3.432	4.180	2.449	145
9	10.552	3.428	4.180	2.466	146