Production Decline Behavior Analysis of a Vertical Well with a Natural Water Influx/Waterflood

Wei, Mingqiang; Ren, Keyi; Duan, Yonggang; Chen, Qingxuan; Dejam, Morteza

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1683989

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 1683989 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1683989

Production Decline Behavior Analysis of a Vertical Well with a Natural Water Influx/Waterflood

Mingqiang Wei,¹Keyi Ren,¹Yonggang Duan,¹Qingxuan Chen,²and Morteza Dejam³

Academic Editor: Dragan Poljak

Received11 Apr 2019

Accepted13 Aug 2019

Published02 Sept 2019

Abstract

The production decline type curves are considered as a robust technique to interpret the production data and obtain the flow parameters, the original gas in place, etc. However, most of the previous models have focused on the primary depletion with a closed boundary, rather than on the secondary depletion with a water influx/waterflood. Therefore, in this study, a transient flow model considering the water influx/waterflood is developed. Subsequently, the functions of the production decline type curves for a vertical well with a water influx/waterflood are derived based on the material balance equation. In other words, the theory of Blasingame production decline analysis is extended to the water influx/waterflood reservoir. Further advanced Blasingame production decline type curves for a vertical well in water influx/waterflood reservoirs are generated. Compared with Blasingame type curves without a water influx/waterflood, the behavior of the ones presented in this study is quite different at the boundary. Thereafter, the effects of the relevant parameters, including the dimensionless maximum water influx, the dimensionless beginning time of the water influx, and the dimensionless external boundary radius, are studied on type curves. Finally, Blasingame type curves for a vertical well in water influx/waterflood reservoirs are verified through a field case study. This work provides very meaningful references for reservoir engineers working on the evaluation of the water influx and the estimation of the beginning time of the water influx by matching the developed type curves with the actual field data.

1. Introduction

There are many water influx gas reservoirs in the world, such as Longwangmiao gas reservoir [1], California Monterey reservoir [2], and Baiyun sag reservoir in the Pearl River Mouth Basin [3]. The water influx has a significant effect on the gas well production. Therefore, the diagnosis and evaluation of the water influx rate and the water influx time are vital in exploitation of these reservoirs.

Over the past decades, the production performance behavior for a vertical well in water influx/waterflood reservoirs has been studied analytically, semianalytically, and numerically. Van Everdingen and Hurst [4], Fetkovich [5], Carter and Tracy [6], Allard and Chen [7], Leung [8], and Shen et al. [9, 10] developed mathematical models for evaluation of the aquifer properties. Subsequently, Marques and Trevisan [11] compared the simulation results for four classical water influx models [4–6, 8] and discussed the applicable conditions for these models. Based on the two-phase unsteady flow theory, Cui and Zhao [12] presented a technique for calculating production index in multilayer water-drive reservoirs. Later, Omeke et al. [13] developed a new aquifer influx model for a finite aquifer system in order to describe the pseudosteady flow regime. The proposed prediction model was fast and the obtained results showed a reasonable degree of accuracy. Thereafter, Li et al. [14] presented a method for identification and prediction of water influx in a fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir. The four diagnostic curves for identifying aquifer influx phase were proposed.

Although the previous proposed models can be used for forecasting the production in water influx reservoirs, they have not taken the effect of material balance into account. Among the transient analysis models [15–17] and production analysis methods [18–23], the Blasingame type curves technique [21–23] derived using the reservoirs’ material balance equation is a very popular and practical production decline analysis. This method, which can be used to evaluate the reservoir properties, drainage volume, etc., has been widely implemented in conventional reservoirs for several decades. However, most of the previous efforts [22, 24–28] for improving the Blasingame decline type curves analysis have been mainly focused on the primary production, rather than on the secondary depletion.

Considering the effect of water influx/waterflood, Doublet and Blasingame [29] proposed the model of Fetkovich decline analysis and generated the Fetkovich decline type curves. However, this model, which is based on highly idealized assumed production conditions, cannot be used to analyze the various production scenarios (including different rates and various flowing pressures). Until now, the works that have extended the Blasingame decline type curves for analyzing water influx data are limited. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the Blasingame production decline type curves behavior for a vertical well with a water influx/waterflood.

In this study, first, the transient flow model is developed considering the water influx/waterflood with a ramp rate at the external boundary. Then, the functions of the Blasingame decline type curves for a vertical well with a water influx/waterflood are derived. In other words, the theory of Blasingame production decline analysis is generalized to the water influx/waterflood reservoir. Subsequently, Blasingame production decline type curves are generated. The four flow regimes, including early unsteady flow regime, primary depletion flow regime, second unsteady flow regime, and system pseudosteady flow regime, are recognized. In addition, the effects of relevant parameters such as the dimensionless maximum water influx, the dimensionless beginning time of the water influx, and the dimensionless external boundary radius are studied on the type curves. Finally, type curves are verified through a field case study. This study can provide very meaningful references for reservoir engineers in water influx rate evaluation as well as the beginning time of the water influx estimation by matching the type curves with the actual field data.

2. Mathematical Model with a Natural Water Influx/Waterflood

2.1. Physical Model and Its Assumptions

The physical model with a water influx/waterflood at the external boundary is shown in Figure 1. The model under study assumes that a vertical well is centered in a bounded circular reservoir with a constant rate at the inner boundary and water influx at the outer boundary. The other basic assumptions of the model are as follows:(1)The reservoir is homogenous, anisotropic, and horizontal with closed top and bottom boundaries. The characteristic parameters (such as thickness, permeability, porosity, and initial pressure) of the reservoir are constant.(2)The fluid is considered as a single phase. The other properties of the fluid remain constant.(3)The fluid flow follows Darcy’s law. The well produces gas at a constant rate.(4)The influx at the outer boundary is initially zero and the water influx gradually increases from zero at the initial time to a fixed value at a certain time. The waterflood case is named as the “ramp” rate case by Doublet and Blasingame [29].(5)The reservoir is isothermal and the effect of gas gravity is neglected.

2.2. Mathematical Model and Its Solution

Based on the above assumptions, the partial differential equation describing the fluid flow can be derived in terms of pseudopressure as follows:where r is the radius distance from the wellbore (m), ψ is the reservoir pseudopressure (MPa²/MPa·s), k is the permeability (10⁻³ μm²), ϕ is the porosity (decimal), μ is the fluid viscosity (MPa·s), c_t is the total compressibility (MPa⁻¹), and t is the time (day).

The definition of the pseudopressure is

Initial boundary condition:

Internal (or inner) boundary condition:

External (or outer) boundary condition:where ψ_i is the initial pseudopressure (MPa²/MPa·s), r_w is the well radius (m), h is the thickness of the pay zone (m), q is the production per day (m³/d), B is the fluid formation volume factor (decimal), r_e is the radius distance of the external boundary at the water influx (m), and q_ext(t) is the water influx at the external boundary (m³/day), which is a function of the time.

Doublet and Blasingame [29] proposed the “Ramp” waterflood flux function as follows:where t_start is the beginning time of the water influx (day) and is the maximum water influx, which does not exceed the well production (m³/d).

To simplify the derivation of equations, first, the dimensionless definition of all the variables (listed in Table 1) used in the proposed mathematical model is presented.

Using the formula of the dimensionless waterflood flux at the external boundary in Table 1, the dimensionless “Ramp” waterflood fluxes at the external boundary with different q_Dext,∞ and t_Dstart are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. As q_Dext,_∞ increases, the values of q_Dext become larger after t_Dstart (Figure 2). The values of q_Dext increase with increasing t_Dstart, but finally, the q_Dext curves converge into one horizontal line (Figure 3). Consequently, q_Dext,∞ and t_Dstart have significant effects on the production decline behavior of the natural water influx reservoirs or the artificial waterflood reservoirs.

Based on the definition of all the dimensionless variables listed in Table 1, equations (1) and (3)–(5) of the mathematical model can be converted and written in the following dimensionless forms:

To solve the equations, the mathematical model is first transformed into Laplace domain. With Laplace transformation, equations (7)–(10) can be written as

Combining equations (11)–(14), the pressure response solution of equation (11) can be obtained as follows [29]:where K₀(x) is the modified Bessel function of second kind (zero order), K₁(x) is the modified Bessel function of second kind (first order), I₀(x) is the modified Bessel function of first kind (zero order), and I₁(x) is the modified Bessel function of first kind (first order).

In equation (15), the first part is the “no-flow” boundary solution and the second part is the boundary flux solution [29]. In addition, the transient pressure solution for a vertical well in a natural water influx/waterflood homogenous reservoir can be generalized to a fractured natural water influx/waterflood reservoir and different well configurations.

3. Production Decline Analysis Theory

The dimensionless pressure solution in the Laplace domain can be obtained using the dimensionless rate solution, as proposed by Van Everdingen and Hurst [4]:

The subject of the production performance behavior of the natural water influx/waterflood reservoirs is significant because the water invasion has an important effect on the well production. On the other side, the water invasion behavior and water influx rate are difficult to diagnose by the dynamic monitoring technology. The response of transient production decline type curves for conventional primary depletion reservoirs with a closed boundary were presented in the works performed by Palacio and Blasingame [21]; Doublet et al. [29] and Marhaendrajana and Blasingame [30]. This section generalizes the Blasingame transient production decline type curves to a new reservoir model with a “ramp” boundary flux for the water influx reservoirs.

3.1. Material Balance Equation for Natural Water Influx/Waterflood Reservoirs

The material balance equation is the theoretical basis of the Blasingame decline type curves. However, the material balance equation of traditional closed boundary reservoirs is not appropriate for natural water influx/waterflood reservoirs. The material balance equation of water influx/waterflood reservoirs can be derived as follows:where G is the reserve of the natural water influx/waterflood reservoir; G_p and W_p are the productions of the gas and water, respectively; W_e is the water influx rate; c_g, c_w, and c_f are the compressibilities of the gas, water, and rock, respectively; s_wi is the irreducible water saturation; p is the reservoir pressure; B_g and B_gi are the gas volume coefficients at the pressure p and the initial reservoir pressure p_i, respectively; and B_w is the water volume coefficient.

To facilitate the derivation of equation (17), the volume coefficient of the water, M, is defined as the ratio between water volume and pore volume in the reservoir:where is the water volume in the reservoir.

Considering the effect of the water expansion and the shrinkage of the rock, the expression of the water influx can be written aswhere Δp is the pressure drop from pressure p_i to pressure p.

Inserting equation (19) and the real gas state equation into equation (16), one can reach towhere z_i and z are the deviation factors at the initial reservoir pressure p_i and the pressure p, respectively, and Q_p is the pseudocumulative production rate, which is defined as follows:

3.2. Blasingame Production Decline Analysis Theory

To simplify equation (20), a new parameter (c_a) is defined as follows:

Taking the derivative of equation (20) with respect to t giveswhere c_g is the gas compressibility and q_p is the pseudoproduction rate, which is defined as follows:

In equation (23), can be derived as

In order to simplify equation (23), the total compressibility c_t is defined as

Combining equations (23), (25), and (26), the flow production equation in the natural water influx/waterflood reservoir can be obtained as follows:

Additionally, to analyze the case of the variable rate/pressure data for a gas well, Palacio and Blasingame [21] introduced the material balance pseudotime function for a gas well and proposed the Blasingame production decline type curves analysis method.

The material balance pseudotime function is

Inserting equation (27) into equation (28), the material balance pseudotime equation can be rewritten as

To simplify equation (29), the normalized pseudopressure is defined as below:

In addition, taking equation (30) into equation (29), the material balance pseudotime equation can be rewritten aswhere p_pi and p_p are the normalized pseudoinitial reservoir pressure and normalized pseudoreservoir pressure, respectively.

According to the flow theory in porous media, the standard pseudosteady flow equation can be written as follows:where J is the gas production index.

Combining equations (31) and (32) results inwhere m_a = 1/(G × c_ti) and b_a,pss = (μ × z)_i/(2 × J × p_i).

Equation (33) in water influx reservoirs is consistent with the one in dry gas reservoirs. Therefore, the model proposed above can be extended to water influx reservoirs.

Based on the above similar theory derivation, Palacio and Blasingame [20] developed the theory of Blasingame production decline type curves analysis. These Blasingame decline type curves are summarized in Table 2.

The production decline type curves are generally defined using the following dimensionless parameters [20, 30].

Dimensionless normalized production function:

Dimensionless material balance pseudotime:

Dimensionless normalized cumulative production integral function:

Dimensionless production integral derivative function:

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Model Validation and Comparison

According to the above production decline analysis theory, the Blasingame type curves can be obtained by using one of the numerical Laplace inversion methods, including Stehfest, Zakian, Fourier series, and Schapery methods [31–33]. Here, the Stehfest method is applied [34]. For this study, if the water influx/waterflood at the external boundary, q_Dext,∞, is equal to zero, the proposed model can be reduced to the traditional closed boundary model.

Figure 4 shows the type curves for a vertical well with a traditional closed boundary model and water influx/waterflood q_Dext,∞ = 0.7 at the external boundary model. From Figure 4, it can be observed that the rate decline curves behavior is quite different in the boundary response regime. The slope of the dimensionless normalized production curve is −1 (angle = 45°) in the pseudosteady flow regime dominated by the closed boundary, whereas the slope of the dimensionless normalized production curve is not equal to −1 in the regimes dominated by the water influx/waterflood boundary.

In addition, according to the behavior of the Blasingame production decline curves (Figure 5), type curves can be divided into the four regimes: (Ι) early unsteady flow regime (EUFR) around the vertical well, which represents the pressure wave spreads continuously away from the wellbore; (II) the primary depletion flow regime (PDFR); (III) the second unsteady flow regime (SUFR) resulting from the external pressure support such as natural water influx or waterflood; and (IV) system pseudosteady flow regime (SPSF), in which dimensionless normalized production curve has a slope of −1 (angle = 45°).

4.2. Sensitivity Analysis

Most of the previous studies have focused on the closed boundary model, rather than on the natural water influx or waterflood model at the external boundary. Thus, the sensitivity of relevant parameters of the water influx or waterflood is discussed in detail in this section.

Figure 6 shows that the dimensionless maximum water influx has a significant effect on the second unsteady flow regime and system pseudosteady flow regime. From Figure 6, it can be observed that the greater the dimensionless maximum water influx, the larger the values of q_Dd, q_Ddi, and q_Ddid for the type curves happen during the second unsteady flow regime and system pseudosteady flow regimes. The main reason is that the external pressure support of the natural water influx or waterflood becomes greater with an increase in the dimensionless maximum water influx.

Figure 7 illustrates the effect of the dimensionless beginning time of the water influx (t_Dstart) on the second unsteady flow regime of the Blasingame production decline type curves. As t_Dstart increases, the regime of the second unsteady flow emerges earlier. According to the emerging time of the second unsteady flow regime, the type curves can be used to estimate the t_Dstart by type curve history matching.

Figure 8 shows the effect of the dimensionless external boundary radius (r_eD) on production decline type curves. It can be observed that first regime are governed by r_eD. As the dimensionless external boundary radius increases, the values of q_Dd, q_Ddi, and q_Ddid for the type curves become smaller during the early unsteady flow regime. According to the early unsteady flow regime behavior of the Blasingame decline type curves, the type curves can be used to estimate the r_eD by type curves history matching.

5. Field Application

A field case is presented to demonstrate the application of the model proposed in this study. Well A1 is located in an offshore sand reservoir in the western South China Sea. The reservoir is a typical gas reservoir driven by the edge water. The basic parameters for the production decline analysis are given in Table 3.

The production data of well A1 are matched and analyzed by the Blasingame production decline analysis technique with the water influx/waterflood model. Figure 9 shows that the Blasingame production decline type curves match the real production data well. On the other hand, the behavior of type curves of water invasion (regime III and regime IV) can be observed clearly from Figure 9. The relevant parameters (Table 4) are obtained by matching and analyzing the Blasingame decline curves of well A1.

6. Conclusions

This study investigates the Blasingame production decline type curves for a vertical well in water influx/waterflood reservoirs, analyses the behavior of production decline type curves, and discusses the effects of the relevant parameters on type curves. Based on the results obtained in this work, the following conclusions can be made:(1)The production decline type curve analysis model for a vertical well in natural water influx/waterflood reservoirs is established.(2)The Blasingame production decline curves for a vertical well in natural water influx/waterflood reservoirs are generated and divided into the four regimes: early unsteady flow regime, primary depletion flow regime, second unsteady flow regime, and system pseudosteady flow regime.(3)The production decline type curves are affected by the natural water influx/waterflood significantly. The dimensionless maximum water influx has a significant effect on the second unsteady flow regime and system pseudosteady flow regime, and the dimensionless water influx time has mainly affected the emerging time of the second unsteady flow regime.(4)The validation of the field case demonstrates that the Blasingame production decline type curves for water influx/waterflood boundary proposed in this study could be applied to evaluate the water influx and the time of the water influx. In other words, the work provides very meaningful references for reservoir engineers working on the dynamic analysis of the natural water influx/waterflood reservoir by matching the developed type curves with the actual field data.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Disclosure

Mingqiang Wei and Yonggang Duan are both corresponding authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This article was supported by scientific research starting project of SWPU (No. 2018QHZ001). The authors would like to thank the Interpore 10^th Annual Meeting and Jubilee to give a presentation of the manuscript.

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Copyright © 2019 Mingqiang Wei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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