Wave-Based Method for Free Vibration Analysis of Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells with Arbitrary Boundary Conditions

Pang, Fuzhen; Huo, Ruidong; Li, Haichao; Gao, Cong; Miao, Xuhong; Ren, Yi

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4924306

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 4924306 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4924306

Wave-Based Method for Free Vibration Analysis of Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells with Arbitrary Boundary Conditions

Fuzhen Pang,¹Ruidong Huo,¹Haichao Li,¹Cong Gao,¹Xuhong Miao,^1,2and Yi Ren¹

Academic Editor: Stylianos Georgantzinos

Received31 May 2019

Revised19 Aug 2019

Accepted04 Sept 2019

Published22 Sept 2019

Abstract

The wave-based method (WBM) is a feasible method which investigates the free vibration characteristics of orthotropic cylindrical shells under general boundary conditions. Based on Reissner–Naghid’s shell theory, the governing motion equation is established, and the displacement variables are transformed into wave functions formed to satisfy the governing equations. On the basis of the kinematic relationship between the force resultant and displacement vector, the overall matrix of the shell is established. Comparison studies of this paper with the solutions in the literatures were carried out to validate the accuracy of the present method. Furthermore, by analyzing some numerical examples, the free vibration characteristics of orthogonal anisotropic cylindrical shells under classical boundary conditions, elastic boundary conditions, and their combinations are studied. Also, the effects of the material parameter and geometric constant on the natural frequencies for the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under general boundary conditions are discussed. The conclusions obtained can be used as data reference for future calculation methods.

1. Introduction

Orthotropic materials have good material properties, and they are very popular in the engineering application field. As a common engineering geometry, cylindrical shell structure has certain applications in petroleum equipment, coal development, and marine equipment. Because of the development of research in recent years, the free vibration analysis of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shells under general boundary conditions has gradually deepened. With the development of cylindrical shell theory in recent decades, more and more theories are put forward and developed. At present, the main shell theory related to free vibration of cylindrical shell mainly includes three types, namely, classical shell theory [1–4], first-order shear deformation shell theory [5–8], and high-order shear deformation shell theory [9–11].

Over the decades, many researchers have put in a lot of time and effort on the vibration analysis of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shells and obtained many excellent research results. Chen et al. [12] analyzed the free vibration characteristics of the fluid-filled FG orthotropic cylindrical shells, and the boundary condition was set as simply supported. The 3D anisotropic elasticity fundamental equations were used to state equations and some numerical examples are presented. Ding et al. [13] extended the nonhomogeneous orthotropic elastic solution for the axisymmetric plane strain cylindrical shell dynamic problems, and the orthogonal expansion technique was adopted to derive the time variable and the solutions were obtained. Najafov et al. [14] conducted the Galerkin method to investigate the vibration and stability characteristics of the FG orthotropic cylindrical shells on elastic foundations. Sofiyev and Kuruoglu [15] proposed the vibration and buckling of FG orthotropic cylindrical shells in the same way. The Donnell shell theory and Galerkin method were adopted to derive the governing equation. Mallon et al. [16] proposed the coupled shaker-structure model to study the dynamic stable problem of the harmonically base-excited thin orthotropic cylindrical shell. The numerical observations were qualitatively confirmed by comparing the results with the experimental solutions. Prado et al. [17] presented the nonlinear vibrations and dynamic instability problem for the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under simply supported boundary conditions. Donnell’s shell theory and Galerkin method were used to establish the differential equations of the shell. Lakis and Selmane [18] conducted the thin shell theory, fluid theory, and the hybrid FEM to study the influence of large amplitude vibration of orthotropic, circumferentially nonuniform cylindrical shells. Ahmed [19] analyzed the isotropic and orthotropic cylindrical shell with variable circumferentially thickness and complex curvature radius by Flugge’s shell theory. The transfer-matrix method and the Longberg integral method were proposed in the establishment of the motion control equation. Liu et al. [20] proposed the S-DQFEM to investigate the free vibration problem of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shells under classical boundary conditions, and the Donnell–Mushtari shell theory was adopted. Furthermore, the natural frequencies of the closed-form are obtained by the method of variable separation. Sofiyev and Aksogan [21] extended the Galerkin method to investigate the free vibration characteristics of the nonhomogeneous orthotropic thin cylindrical shells with geometric nonlinearity. Fang et al. [22] investigated the vibration characteristics of nanosized piezoelectric double-shell structures under simply supported boundary condition by the Goldenveizer–Novozhilov shell theory, thin plate theory, and electroelastic surface theory. Zhu et al. [23] studied the surface energy effect on the nonlinear free vibration behavior of orthotropic piezoelectric cylindrical nanoshells by the classical shell theory. Also, for the shell and composite structures, some reported literatures have been discussed. Ghassabi et al. [24] presented the solution strategy based on the state vector technique to study the vibroacoustic performance of carbon nanotube- (CNT-) reinforced composite doubly curved thick shells by three-dimensional theory. Talebitooti et al. [25] conducted the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm to optimize sound transmission loss of the laminated composite cylindrical shell by FSDST. Ghassabi et al. [26] investigated the vibroacoustic performance of the doubly curved thick shell by the three-dimensional sound propagation approach and state space solution. Talebitooti et al. [27] analyzed the acoustic characteristics of the doubly curved composite shell with full simply supported by the third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT). Talebitooti and Zarastvand [28] investigated the acoustic transmission of the infinitely long doubly curved shell based on HSDT. Talebitooti et al. [29] discussed the effect of compressing porous material on sound transmission loss of the multilayered cylindrical shell subjected to porous core and air-gap insulation in the presence of external flow based on the three-dimensional elasticity theory. Talebitooti and Zarastvand [30] investigated the wave propagation on infinite doubly curved laminated composite shell which is used in aerospace structures. Talebitooti et al. [31] analyzed the acoustic behavior of laminated composite infinitely long doubly curved shallow shells which is the acoustic behavior of laminated composite infinitely long doubly curved shallow shells. Talebitooti et al. [32] analyzed the acoustic behavior of the laminated composite cylindrical shell which is excited by an oblique plane sound wave by the third-order shear deformation theory.

For the wave-based method, it is an unfamiliar semianalytical method to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the engineering structure in some applications such as cylindrical shell structure [33–35], coupled structure [36–40], coupled vibroacoustic problem [41], composite structure [42–45], and so on.

2. Theoretical Formulations

2.1. Description of the Shell Model

The model of circular cylindrical shell is described in Figure 1. The circular cylindrical shell is composed of homogeneous and isotropic materials. h represents the cross section of the uniform circular cylindrical shell with thickness. L represents the length of the circular cylindrical shell. The model is described by curvilinear coordinate system (x, θ, and z), in which x and θ denote the axial and circumferential directions of the shell, respectively. The displacements in the direction of x, θ, and z of the middle surface are denoted as u, , and , respectively. For the elastic boundary conditions, there are three pair translational restrained springs (K_u, , and ) and one pair rotational restrained spring (K_θ) are set at two ends to simulate the arbitrary elastic boundary conditions.

2.2. Kinematic Relations and Stress Resultants

According to Reissner–Naghid’s shell theory [46], the relationship between the strain resultant and curvature change resultant in the middle surface of the shell is shown as follows:

Furthermore, the strains of arbitrary point in the shell are given as follows:

Also, the stress-strain relationships of the orthotropic shell are obtained by Hooke’s law [47–49]:where are the transform coefficients which are defined as follows:where E₁ and E₂ are the Young’s modulus, μ₁₂ and μ₂₁ are the Poisson’s ratios, and G₁₂ is the shear modulus. The relationship between μ₁₂ and μ₂₁ is determined as μ₂₁E₁ = μ₁₂E₂. For the isotropic cylindrical shell, the relationship is defined as E₁ = E₂ and . To obtain the force vector and bending moment resultant of the orthotropic shell, the relationship between the force resultant, bending moment, and strain vector is given as follows:

So, the expression for the resultant forces and moments is as follows:where A_ij and are the coefficients and are defined as follows:

2.3. Governing Equations

Based on Reissner–Naghid’s theory, the governing equation of the orthotropic cylindrical shell in terms of the force resultant, moment vector, and displacement variables are given as follows [50–52]:where ρ is the destiny of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell. Submitting the expression of force and moment resultant into equation (8), the governing equation of the orthotropic cylindrical shell is given in the matrix form as follows:where are the transform coefficients, and the expression of them are given as follows:

2.4. Implementation of the WBM

Using the WBM to analyze the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic cylindrical shell under general boundary conditions, the displacement variables should be transformed into the wave functions form as follows [33]:where U₀, V₀, and W₀ are the displacement amplitude variables, k_n is the axial wave number, t is the time variable, n is the circumferential number, and ω is the circular frequency. So, submitting equation (11) into equation (9), the governing equation of the orthotropic cylindrical shell in the wave function form is obtained as follows:where are the coefficients of equation (12) in the wave functions form, and the expressions are given as follows:

To make sure equation (13) has nontrivial solutions, the determinant of the coefficient matrix in equation (12) should be equal to zero. Also, the eighth-order equation of the axial wave number k_n is obtained as follows:where are the coefficients of the eighth-order equation, and the solutions of equation (14) are calculated by Reference [53] as follows:where can be in real, imaginary, and combination form. Furthermore, the displacement variables in the wave function forms are converted as follows:where λ_n,i and κ_n,i are the wave contribution factors which are expressed as follows:

Particularly, the expressions for displacement variables are transformed as follows:where

On the basis of the relationship between the displacement variables and force and moment resultants, the detailed expression of the force resultant and moment vector is shown as follows:where

For the classical boundary conditions, four type of boundary conditions are considered which are widely used in some engineering applications, as follows [54–56]: Free (F): Clamped (C): Simply supported (SS): Shear diaphragm (SD):

For the elastic boundary conditions, the relationship between the force, displacement, and elastic restrained stiffness is discussed. When the elastic restrained stiffness is in the axial direction, the boundary relationship is given as follows:where K_u is the stiffness constant, and the symbol ± means the elastic restrained spring at the boundary edge x = L and x = 0. Also, for the circumferential displacement, the normal displacement, and the transverse normal rotations of the θ and x axis, the symbol ± has the same meaning for the elastic boundary conditions. For the other elastic restrained states, the boundary relationships can refer to Reference [57]. Related to the introduction of the elastic and classical boundary conditions, the final equation of the orthotropic cylindrical shell is given as follows:where K is the overall matrix, F is the external force resultant, and W = {W₁; W₂} is the wave contribution factor vector. W₁ and W₂ are the wave contribution factor vectors which are related to the boundary conditions at the two ends. The overall matrix K is shown as follows:where D₁ and D₂ are the boundary matrixes which depend on the boundary conditions and B₁ and B₂ are the segment matrixes which are given as follows:where and are the displacement and force matrix of the orthotropic shell and are expressed as follows:

When analyzing the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic cylindrical shell under general boundary conditions, the external force vector F should be vanished. For each circumferential number n, searching the zero position of the overall matrix K, a series of values are calculated. When the sign occurs, the natural frequencies of the cylindrical shell are obtained.

The dichotomy method is a mathematical idea that uses flat partitions and infinite approximations. It is an effective algorithm for avoiding complex calculations and approximations of analytic one-dimensional functions. In this paper, the dichotomy method is adopted to get the natural frequencies of the cylindrical shell, and some numerical examples are established.

3. Numerical Examples and Discussion

In this part, some numerical examples are presented to investigate the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic cylindrical shell under general boundary conditions (i.e., classical, elastic, and combinations). Some numerical examples are extended to verify the correctness of the results by the presented method. Furthermore, the effects of the material parameter and geometric constants on the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell are studied.

3.1. Orthotropic Cylindrical Shell with Classical and Elastic Boundary Conditions

First, the comparison of the natural frequencies for the homogeneous cylindrical shell under clamped-clamped boundary condition is presented. The results by the present method are compared with the solutions by Ref. [58] in Table 1. The geometric parameters and material constants are defined as follows: L = 511.2 mm, R = 216.2 mm, h = 1.5 mm, E = 1.83 × 10¹¹ N/m², μ = 0.3, and ρ = 7492 kg/m³. The range of the circumferential mode number n and longitudinal wave number m is set as 2–6 and 1–3. It can be seen that the results of the two methods are in good agreement, and the maximum error is 5.79% which appears with n = 3 and m = 1. Next, this paper discusses the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic cylindrical shell under classical boundary conditions. To verify the correctness of the results by the presented method, the natural frequencies of the orthotropic cylindrical shell under several classical boundary conditions are compared with the solutions in the reported literature by Zhao et al. [59]. There are three pair classical boundary conditions which are set as SS-SS, SD-SD, and C-C. The material parameters are given as follows: E₁ = 120 GPa, E₂ = 10 GPa, G₁₂ = 5.5 GPa, μ₁₂ = 0.27, and ρ = 1700 kg/m³. The geometric constants are set as follows: L = 5 m, h = 0.01 m, and R = 1 m. In Table 2, the natural frequencies of the first two longitudinal modes for the first six circumferential numbers are calculated. By comparing the MRRM in the reference literature and the results by the presented method, we can discover that the errors are small. It is obvious that the free vibration characteristics for the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under classical boundary conditions calculated by the presented method are correct. From Table 1, we can find that for each circumferential number and longitudinal mode, the minimum natural frequency is associated with the boundary condition SD-SD and the maximum natural frequency is related to the boundary condition C-C. It can be concluded that the classical boundary conditions have a significant effect on the free vibration characteristics for the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell.

Next, the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under classical combination boundary conditions are concerned. The material parameters and geometric constants are equal to the numerical example in Table 2. For the classical combination boundary conditions, there are two type boundary conditions, C-F and SS-F, which are considered, and the results by the presented method are compared with the solutions by the MRRM method [59]. From Table 2, the errors between the two numerical methods are small, and the maximum error is 0.95%. So, it can be concluded that the free vibration characteristics which are investigated by the presented method are right. From the two numerical examples in Tables 2 and 3, the free vibration characteristics for orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under classical boundary conditions and their combinations are discussed. Figure 2 shows some modes of orthotropic cylindrical shells under C-C boundary conditions. The purpose is to further study the free vibration characteristics of orthotropic cylindrical shells under classical boundary conditions.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Next, the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under elastic boundary conditions and their combinations are concerned. In this paper, there are three type elastic-restrained situations which are considered as follows:

First-elastic boundary condition (EBC_1): the axial displacement is under elastic restrained and others are fixed (u ≠ 0, ), and the elastic stiffness value is set as K_u = 10⁹.

Second-elastic boundary condition (EBC_2): the circumferential displacement is under elastic restrained and others are fixed ( ≠ 0, u = = ∂/∂x = 0), and the elastic stiffness value is set as = 10⁹.

Third-elastic boundary condition (EBC_3): the radial displacement is under elastic restrained and others are fixed ( ≠ 0, u = = ∂/∂x = 0), and the elastic stiffness value is set as = K_θ = 10⁷.

In Table 4, there are six type elastic boundary conditions and their combinations (i.e., EBC1-EBC1, EBC2-EBC2, EBC3-EBC3, EBC1-EBC3, EBC2-EBC3, and EBC1-EBC2) are concerned. The first five circumferential numbers (i.e., n = 1–5) and the first four longitudinal modes (i.e., m = 1–4), natural frequencies for the orthotropic circular cylindrical shells under several elastic boundary conditions, are calculated. The material parameters and geometric constants are the same as the numerical example in previous discussion. For various elastic boundary conditions, the natural frequencies are relatively stable within a range and have a small variation range for various circumferential numbers and longitudinal modes. Also, some mode shapes of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell with EBC1-EBC1 are shown in the Figure 3.

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(b)

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(d)

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(f)

3.2. Effect of the Material and Geometric Parameters on the Natural Frequencies

In addition, the effect of the material parameter and geometric constants on the natural frequencies for the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under several boundary conditions (i.e., C-C, S-F, EBC_1-EBC_2, and EBC_3-EBC_3) is discussed.

First, the effect of the modulus ratio E₁/E₂ for the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under various boundary conditions is discussed. The material parameter and geometric constants are similar to the numerical example in the previous study. The changing rule of the modulus ratio E₁/E₂ is from 1 to 12, the natural frequencies for the first two circumferential number (i.e., n = 1 and 2) and the first four longitudinal mode (i.e., m = 1–4) under various boundary conditions are calculated in Table 5. For analyzing the effect of the modulus ratio E₁/E₂, the changing rule of the natural frequencies under various boundary conditions is shown in the Figure 4 (n = 1). It is obvious that with the changing of the modulus ratio E₁/E₂, the natural frequencies are generally growing for various longitudinal modes under various boundary conditions. Also, for the boundary condition S-F, the change range of the natural frequencies is more obvious for various longitudinal modes. For other boundary conditions, the change range for the first two longitudinal modes (i.e., m = 1 and 2) are evident, and for the longitudinal mode m = 3, the change range stays in the basic stable range.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Next, the effect of the geometric constants on the natural frequencies for the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under several boundary conditions is discussed. In this paper, the geometric constants are set as thickness to radius ratio h/R and length to radius ratio L/R. For the boundary conditions, geometric and material parameters are same as the numerical example in the previous study for the effect of the modulus ratio E₁/E₂. In Table 6, the natural frequencies for the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell with the changing of the thickness to radius ratios h/R are calculated. The changing range of the thickness to radius ratios h/R is set as 0.001 to 0.1. The natural frequencies are generally increased for various circumferential number and longitudinal modes for boundary condition C-C, SS-F, and ECB_3-ECB_3. Furthermore, the natural frequencies are first decreased and then increased with the growing of the thickness to radius ratios h/R under EBC_1-EBC_2. In order to reflect the law of natural frequency change more intuitively, the changing rule of the natural frequencies with the increase of the thickness to radius ratios h/R under several boundary conditions is shown in Figure 5. Especially, when the thickness to radius ratios h/R are set from 0.05 to 0.1 and related to the longitudinal wave number m = 3, the growth rates of the natural frequencies are more obvious than the longitudinal wave number m = 1 and 2. Also, for the boundary condition S-F and EBC3-EBC-3, when the longitudinal wave number m = 1 and 2, the natural frequencies have a small range of variation and is basically kept within a certain range. In particular, when the boundary condition is set to EBC1-EBC1 and longitudinal wave number m = 1, as the thickness to radius ratios h/R increases, the natural frequencies tend to decrease, but the variation is small.

(a)

(b)

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(d)

Furthermore, the influence of the length to radius ratios L/R on the natural frequencies for the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under several boundary conditions is calculated in Table 7. The material constants and geometric properties are the same as the numerical study in previous part, and the changing range of the length to radius ratios L/R are set from 5 to 12. In Figure 6, the changing rule of the natural frequencies with respect to the length to radius ratios L/R under various boundary conditions is shown. It can be seen that with the changing of the length to radius ratios L/R, the natural frequencies are generally decreased for various boundary conditions related to three longitudinal wave number m = 1–3, at the same time, and as the length to radius ratios L/R changes, the attenuation effect of the frequency parameters is more obvious. When the length to radius ratios L/R changes from 5 to 8, the decreased attenuations are larger for four type boundary conditions.

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(b)

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4. Conclusions

In this paper, a semianalytical method is conducted to investigate the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic cylindrical shell under general boundary conditions, including the classical boundary conditions, elastic boundary conditions, and their combinations. Reissner–Naghid’s shell theory is utilized to obtain the governing motion equations and the displacement variables are transformed into wave function forms to accurate the motion relationship. According to the motion relationship and boundary conditions, the final equation of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell is established. Then the natural frequencies can be obtained by solving the zero position of the overall matrix determinant based on the dichotomy method. In the numerical examples and discussion parts, the effect of the material parameter and geometric constants on the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell is studied and some conclusions are obtained.

To verify the correctness of the calculation results by the presented method, some numerical examples are proposed by comparing with the solutions in the reported literatures. The effect of the material parameter modulus ratio E₁/E₂, geometric constants thickness to radius ratio L/R, and thickness to radius ratio h/R on the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic cylindrical shell under several boundary conditions are discussed. For the effect of different parameters, various properties have its one influence impact on the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell. The changing ranges of the natural frequencies are different for various circumferential number and longitudinal modes under several boundary conditions.

This paper proposed a new numerical method to research the free vibration characteristics of the orthotropic circular cylindrical shell under general boundary conditions, and it provided a theoretical basis for the development of subsequent numerical studies.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 51209052 and 51679053), National key Research and Development Program (2016YFC0303406), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (HEUCFD1515 and HEUCFM170113), Assembly Advanced Research Fund of China (6140210020105), Naval preresearch project, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2014M552661), and Ph.D. Student Research and Innovation Fund of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (HEUGIP201801).

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Copyright © 2019 Fuzhen Pang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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