Research Article

Modification of Vertical Earth Pressure Formulas for High Fill Cut-and-Cover Tunnels Using Experimental and Numerical Methods

Table 4

Physical properties of backfill soil.

OptimumMaximumUnitCohesionInternal frictionYoung’s
moisture contentdry densityweightanglemodulus
(%) (g/cm3)γ (kN/m3)c (kPa)ϕ (°)E (MPa)

15.251.589.4731.128.35.4