Research Article
Modification of Vertical Earth Pressure Formulas for High Fill Cut-and-Cover Tunnels Using Experimental and Numerical Methods
Table 4
Physical properties of backfill soil.
| Optimum | Maximum | Unit | Cohesion | Internal friction | Young’s | moisture content | dry density | weight | angle | modulus | (%) | (g/cm3) | γ (kN/m3) | c (kPa) | ϕ (°) | E (MPa) |
| 15.25 | 1.58 | 9.47 | 31.1 | 28.3 | 5.4 |
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