Combination Synchronization of Three Nonidentical Ecological Systems with Species Invasion

Figure 1

Combination synchronization of systems (2), (3), and (4). The four graphs describe the time involution of state vectors of system (2) (without and with invasive species), (a) and (b); state vectors of combined systems of (3) and (4), +, +, +, (c); and state vectors of error system, , , , (d). =0.2, =2, =0.02, =0.2, and the other parameters are given in (36)~(38).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)